Monthly at a glance
- Sat 5 Sep — Bihar Cabinet extends the Student Credit Card Scheme to 2030-31 and clears the 336-km Buxar-Bhagalpur Expressway; the SCO Bishkek Summit and India's 7.8% Q1 growth headline national affairs.
- Sun 6 Sep — Ganga breaches Patna's all-time flood record as 16.85 lakh reel across 11 Bihar districts; State Cabinet clears 27 proposals; ISRO's EOS-05 rides GSLV-F17 to orbit.
- Mon 7 Sep — Ganga breaches all-time flood record at Patna as 10.26 lakh are hit; Bihar Economic Survey shows 8.6% growth; India readies to host the BRICS Summit
- Tue 8 Sep — Bihar-Jharkhand end 25-year Sone river dispute; RBI drains Rs 6 lakh crore surplus liquidity; India to host the 18th BRICS Summit in New Delhi
- Wed 9 Sep — Seven rivers breach danger mark as Bihar floods hit 35.89 lakh; Cabinet clears ₹23,698-cr Fourth Agriculture Roadmap; DAC approves ₹1.10 lakh-crore defence buys.
- Thu 10 Sep — Ganga breaks all-time flood record at Patna as 10.26 lakh hit; India's Q1 FY27 GDP surges 7.8%; Union Cabinet clears Rs 10,021 cr railway plan
- Fri 11 Sep — Bihar clears 336-km Buxar–Bhagalpur expressway & extends Student Credit Card to 2030-31; India's GDP grows 7.8% in Q1 FY27; Home Ministry proposes Article 371(K) for Ladakh.
- Sat 12 Sep — Ganga floods ravage Bihar as the 18th BRICS Summit opens in New Delhi; Bihar's economy tops ₹9.92 lakh crore.
- Tue 15 Sep — Bihar floods hit 49 lakh across 15 districts; State Cabinet clears ₹23,698-cr 4th Agriculture Road-map; SEBI extends T+0 to top 500 stocks
- Wed 16 Sep — Bihar Cabinet clears 17 proposals led by a ₹3,516-cr Gaya Vishnupad Corridor; Ganga touches an all-time high in the 2026 floods; India hosts the 18th BRICS Summit in New Delhi.
- Thu 17 Sep — Bihar Cabinet's 17 proposals & 'Seva Sankalp Abhiyan' launch lead the day, alongside the Supreme Court's vehicle-repossession ruling and 4.82% retail inflation.
- Fri 18 Sep — Bihar floods hit 47 lakh across 15 districts as the Ganga tops its 2016 record; the 18th BRICS Summit concludes in New Delhi; India's CPI inflation climbs to 4.82%.
- Sat 19 Sep — Bihar Cabinet clears ₹2,520 cr Vishnupad Corridor in Gaya & a new Makhana scheme; India hosts the 18th BRICS Summit; Bihar floods hit 47.33 lakh people.
- Sun 20 Sep — Bihar floods hit 47 lakh across 15 districts; ₹476 cr Makhana Board push; US Fed's first hike since 2023
- Mon 21 Sep — Bihar floods hit 47 lakh across 15 districts; state pushes an integrated sugar-ethanol policy, while the Supreme Court flags a uniform law on court deposits
- Tue 22 Sep — ECI notifies Bihar's 8 Legislative Council seats; Bihar flood crisis grips 15 districts; India–New Zealand FTA to take effect 20 October
- Wed 23 Sep — Samrat Choudhary Cabinet clears jobs & AI-EV push as Bihar battles record floods; SC bars penalty for refusing the national song.
- Thu 24 Sep — Bihar floods hit 47 lakh across 15 districts; PM-JAY marks 8 years; Moody's lifts India's FY27 growth view to 7%
- Fri 25 Sep — Bihar Cabinet clears 24 proposals & orders long-term Kosi flood strategy; Make in India marks 12 years.
- Mon 28 Sep — Bihar makes computer education mandatory in govt schools; 17 north Bihar districts on flood alert; Russia backs India's permanent UNSC seat
- Tue 29 Sep — Gandak floods trigger CM's aerial survey in north Bihar; India's first Victim Rights Centre opens in Patna; SC refuses to stay UPI MDR
- Wed 30 Sep — Gandak hits all-time high of 91.25 m as North Bihar floods worsen; Bihar DGP Vinay Kumar picked as State Chief Information Commissioner; India's net FDI touches 5-year high
All topics — key facts for revision
5 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar Cabinet extends Student Credit Card Scheme to 2030-31
- Bihar Student Credit Card Scheme extended to 2030-31; education loan of up to Rs 4 lakh.
- Mukhyamantri Samagra Shahari Vikas Yojana also extended to 2030-31.
- Rs 40 crore for Bihar & Patna Museum upkeep; Rs 39.80 crore for Nehru Path widening.
- Chaired by the Chief Minister; 27 agenda items approved in all.
BIHAR 336-km Buxar-Bhagalpur greenfield expressway cleared on PPP
- Length 336 km, six-lane, fresh alignment; developed via PPP under BSRDCL.
- Passes through Bhojpur, Arwal, Jehanabad, Gaya, Nawada, Nalanda, Sheikhpura, Lakhisarai, Jamui, Munger, Banka.
- An economic corridor with commercial hubs planned along the route.
- Consultant for DPR and a transaction adviser to be appointed.
- Aims to cut travel time between southern and eastern Bihar.
BIHAR Patna Metro gets Rs 628.32 crore under SASCI capital-aid
- Network: ~31 km, 24 stations, two corridors; total cost Rs 13,925 crore.
- Funding split: 60% JICA (Japan) loan, 20% Union, 20% Bihar.
- Interchange stations at Patna Junction and Khemnichak.
- A 3.6-km elevated Blue Line stretch is already operational.
BIHAR Bihar-Jharkhand ink Sone river water-sharing MoU
- Bihar 5.75 MAF and Jharkhand 2 MAF of the 7.75 MAF under the 1973 Bansagar Agreement.
- Makes the Indrapuri Barrage (Rohtas district, Bihar) fully operable.
- Benefits Magadh-belt irrigation in Bihar; Palamu & Garhwa in Jharkhand.
- Sone is a major south-bank tributary of the Ganga.
BIHAR Bihar renews push for MSP on makhana as Makhana Board rolls out
- Bihar grows about 90% of India's makhana; Mithila Makhana got a GI tag in 2022.
- National Makhana Board (Rs 100 crore) announced in Union Budget 2025-26, based in Bihar.
- Research anchored at the ICAR-NRC makhana centre, Darbhanga.
- MSP sought to shield growers from price volatility.
- Makhana is a high-value, low-fat superfood with rising export demand.
IR 26th SCO Summit concludes at Bishkek; Bishkek Declaration adopted
- English added as an official SCO language alongside Russian and Chinese.
- Universal Security Centre approved for intelligence-sharing; Anti-Drug Centre regulations cleared.
- Green Technology Corridor framework (2026-2030) adopted.
- India stressed zero double standards on terrorism and sovereignty-respecting connectivity.
- Pakistan takes the next chair (2026-27); SCO has 10 full members.
DEFENCE India-Belgium sign defence LoI; RAKSHA diplomacy document unveiled
- India appoints its first Defence Attache to Brussels; a Fast Trade Mechanism set up.
- RAKSHA rests on four pillars: strategic partnerships, capacity building, indigenous exports, maritime security.
- India's defence exports were Rs 21,083 crore in FY 2023-24.
- Belgium hosts NATO HQ, adding strategic weight to the pact.
POLITY Supreme Court: Bar Council of India has no jurisdiction over law students
- Ruling by a three-judge bench; universities - not the BCI - govern law students.
- BCI's authority begins only after enrolment as an advocate.
- Upheld Article 19(1)(a) (free speech) and Article 19(1)(c) (association).
- Arose from a students' protest at a national law university.
- Reaffirms limits on statutory bodies exceeding their mandate.
SCI-TECH DBT launches BIO-NIVESH to channel private capital into biotech startups
- Inaugural edition: about 20 startups and 50 investors.
- Anchored by BIRAC (Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council).
- Aligns with the BioE3 Policy (2024) and the Rs 1 lakh crore RDI Fund.
- India targets a Rs 20 lakh crore bioeconomy by 2030.
- Focus areas: bio-manufacturing, health and sustainability.
SOCIETY Teachers' Day: President confers National Teachers' Awards on 48 teachers
- 48 awardees (26 men, 22 women) across states, UTs and central bodies.
- Selected via a three-stage process; each gets a certificate, medal and cash award.
- 5 September marks the birth anniversary of Dr. S. Radhakrishnan.
- Radhakrishnan was India's first Vice-President and second President.
- India's school teaching workforce is about 1.5 crore.
6 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Ganga Breaches Patna's All-Time Flood Record; 16.85 Lakh Hit Across Bihar
- 16.85 lakh (1.685 million) people affected across 11 districts — Patna, Bhojpur, Saran, Vaishali, Bhagalpur, Begusarai, Buxar, Samastipur, Munger, Katihar, Araria.
- Ganga at Gandhi Ghat (Patna) touched 50.53 m, above the previous HFL of 50.52 m (Aug 2016); forecast to reach 50.62 m.
- 50 blocks and 201 gram panchayats affected; September rainfall 60.8 mm — 69% above normal.
- Relief: 858 boats, 27 SDRF teams, 7 NDRF groups, 38 community kitchens, 12,300 polythene sheets.
- Gandak, Kosi, Burhi Gandak, Punpun & Ghaghara also flowing above danger levels.
POLITY Bihar Cabinet Clears 27 Proposals; Student Credit Card Extended to 2030-31
- Student Credit Card scheme extended 5 years (FY2026-27 to 2030-31); loans up to ₹4 lakh.
- ₹9,169 crore for all municipal corporations under the 16th Finance Commission as basic + performance grants.
- E-Cabinet system approved with ₹2.75 crore from the Contingency Fund for paperless governance.
- New Medical College & Hospital at Arwal on 25 acres; Nehru Path (Patna) widening at ₹49.80 crore.
- ₹14.79 crore Goat Farming Cooperative Federation (Saat Nischay-3); ₹40 crore grant to Bihar Museum.
BIHAR Bihar & Jharkhand End 25-Year Sone Water Dispute; Bihar Gets 5.75 MAF
- Of the 7.75 MAF under the 1973 Bansagar Agreement, Bihar gets 5.75 MAF and Jharkhand 2 MAF.
- Enables full operation of the Indrapuri Barrage in Rohtas, Bihar.
- Unlocks new irrigation for the Magadh belt (Bihar) and Palamu & Garhwa (Jharkhand).
- Sone is a major right-bank tributary of the Ganga, joining near Maner (Patna).
- Resolves a long-standing hurdle to irrigation expansion in south-west Bihar.
SOCIETY ₹10,000 DBT Reaches Over 21 Lakh Women Under Mahila Rojgar Yojana
- ₹10,000 one-time seed grant credited via DBT to women SHG (Jeevika Didi) members.
- Beneficiaries can access a follow-on micro-enterprise loan up to ₹2 lakh plus skill training.
- Aims to cover a large base of women self-help group members statewide.
- Rides on Bihar's strong JEEViKA network of rural women's self-help groups.
- Seeks to boost female labour-force participation and rural livelihoods.
ECONOMY Barauni Land Bank: 700 Acres Cleared to Power Bihar's Industrial Push
- 700 acres at Barauni earmarked for a new industrial area to draw investment.
- Barauni already hosts a major refinery, thermal power and fertiliser complex.
- Aims to generate fresh employment and anchor manufacturing in north Bihar.
- Part of a wider land-bank strategy to offer ready plots to investors.
- Complements Bihar's push under its industrial and investment-promotion policy.
ECONOMY Mithila Makhana: Bihar's GI-Tagged Superfood Anchors a Growing Farm Economy
- Mithila Makhana received the GI (Geographical Indication) tag in 2022.
- Bihar produces the bulk of India's makhana, concentrated in Darbhanga, Madhubani & Purnia.
- A protein-rich superfood driving exports and value-added processing.
- Supported by makhana research and a dedicated push for branded, packaged products.
- Part of Bihar's basket of GI/agri specialities alongside Shahi Litchi and Katarni rice.
ECONOMY New National Accounts: GDP Base Year Shifts to 2022-23; Q1 Growth 7.8%
- GDP base year revised from 2011-12 to 2022-23.
- Producer Price Index (PPI) replaces the Wholesale Price Index (WPI).
- New indices introduced — IIP revamp and a Banking Services Price Index (BkSPI).
- Q1 FY2026-27: real GDP growth 7.8%, nominal 10.3%.
- Covers final estimates for 2022-24 and provisional for 2025-26.
POLITY Supreme Court Pushes States to Raise District Judge Retirement Age to 62
- Retirement age to be raised from 60 to 62, subject to a suitability review at 60.
- Backdrop: 5.18 crore cases pending in district courts.
- Seven states have already agreed — including Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal.
- Remaining states/UTs given two weeks to decide.
- Aims to retain experienced judicial officers and cut vacancies.
SCI-TECH ISRO Launches EOS-05 Imaging Satellite Aboard GSLV-F17
- GSLV-F17 placed the 2,367-kg satellite in a sub-geosynchronous transfer orbit.
- India's first dedicated imaging satellite in geosynchronous orbit (~36,000 km).
- 19th GSLV mission and 107th launch from Sriharikota.
- Planned nine-year operational lifespan.
- Ends an eight-month hiatus after two earlier PSLV setbacks.
IR India Joins 26th SCO Summit at Bishkek; Bishkek Declaration Adopted
- Bishkek Declaration signed; a Universal Security Centre approved.
- Green Technology Corridor framework (2026-2030) and anti-drug centre regulations cleared.
- English added as an official SCO language alongside Russian and Chinese.
- India stressed 'zero double standards on terrorism' and sovereignty-first connectivity.
- SCO has 10 full members; Pakistan chairs the bloc for 2026-27.
ENVIRONMENT UN Flags Likely Breach of the 1.5°C Paris Target
- Current warming is about 1.4°C above the pre-industrial baseline.
- Under existing policies, warming may reach 2.6°C by century's end.
- New fallback framework: cap overshoot at 1.8°C, then scale up carbon removal.
- Reversing one decade of excess warming could take 50+ years.
- Reinforces urgency ahead of climate negotiations and NDC updates.
7 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →ENVIRONMENT Ganga breaches record flood mark; 10.26 lakh hit across 11 districts
- 11 districts flooded: Patna, Bhojpur, Saran, Vaishali, Bhagalpur, Begusarai, Buxar, Samastipur, Munger, Katihar, Araria.
- ~10.26 lakh people across 201 gram panchayats in 50 blocks affected.
- Rivers above danger mark: Ganga, Gandak, Kosi, Burhi Gandak, Punpun, Ghaghara.
- Relief: 858 boats, 27 SDRF + 7 NDRF teams, 38 community kitchens, 12,300 polythene sheets.
- CM Samrat Choudhary ordered senior officers to camp in affected areas.
BIHAR Bihar's GI-tagged makhana goes global via National Makhana Board
- Bihar grows ~85-90% of India's makhana; Mithila Makhana holds a GI tag (2022).
- Core belt: Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnia, Katihar, Saharsa, Supaul.
- Board to organise farmers into FPOs and fund processing units & branding.
- Marketed as a high-protein superfood for domestic and export markets.
BIHAR Patna Metro priority corridor running; Bihar speeds up metro & road build-out
- Line-2 priority stretch stations: Bhoothnath, Zero Mile, Patliputra Bus Terminal (ISBT).
- Network: Line-1 (14 stations), Line-2 (12 stations); built by Patna Metro Rail Corporation.
- State also advancing six-lane highways & new expressways in 2026.
SOCIETY ₹10,000 seed aid transferred to ~21 lakh women under Mahila Rozgar Yojana
- Aim: link ~1 crore women to livelihoods; grant scalable up to ₹2 lakh.
- Builds on Bihar's JEEViKA self-help-group network.
- Delivered via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
ECONOMY Bihar Economic Survey 2025-26: 8.6% real growth outpaces India
- Per-capita GSDP: ₹76,490 (current) - still among India's lowest.
- Sector shares: Services 54.8%, Industry 26.8%, Agriculture 18.3%.
- Fastest growth in the secondary sector (11.1% real).
- AT&C power losses down to 15.54% (from 42.99%); discom profit ₹1,959 cr.
IR India to host 18th BRICS Summit in New Delhi (11-13 Sept 2026)
- BRICS+ accounts for ~half the world's population and ~30% of global GDP (PPP).
- Expanded bloc now includes Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the UAE.
- Agenda: reformed multilateralism, the Global South, and trade in local currencies.
- New Development Bank (NDB) is headquartered in Shanghai.
SCI-TECH ISRO's EOS-05: first Indian earth-imaging satellite in geostationary orbit
- A continuous 'gaze' enables flood, cyclone, fire and crop monitoring.
- Aids stubble-burning detection and disaster early-warning.
- India now has 450+ space start-ups; space economy targeted at $44 billion by 2033.
POLITY SIR of electoral rolls: large deletions flagged in Manipur & Sikkim
- Manipur: 1.32 lakh names removed from draft rolls.
- Sikkim: 52,614 names deleted.
- Goal is to weed out duplicate/dead/shifted voters - raising an inclusion-vs-purity debate.
IR India-China Corps Commander talks agree two new border meeting points
- Follows the 36th WMCC and 25th Special Representatives talks in Beijing.
- Aims to stabilise the Line of Actual Control (LAC) after the 2020 stand-off.
- Comes just before the BRICS Summit, where both leaders will meet.
IR US-Iran war disrupts Strait of Hormuz; oil-supply risk for India
- Hormuz carries ~20-30% of the world's seaborne oil - a critical choke point.
- India imports over 85% of its crude, leaving it exposed to price shocks.
- Costlier oil pressures inflation, the rupee and the current account.
ECONOMY Monthly PLFS data reignites the debate on measuring unemployment
- PLFS uses Usual Status and Current Weekly Status concepts.
- Headline metrics: LFPR, WPR and the unemployment rate.
- A 'flat Phillips curve' implies a weak inflation-unemployment trade-off in India.
8 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar-Jharkhand End 25-Year Sone River Water Dispute
- Water shared: Bihar 5.75 MAF (million acre-feet) and Jharkhand 2 MAF.
- The Sone rises near Amarkantak (Madhya Pradesh) and joins the Ganga near Patna (Maner).
- Indrapuri Barrage at Dehri (on the Sone) is among Asia's longest barrages and anchors the Sone Canal System.
- Inter-state water disputes fall under Article 262 and the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956.
BIHAR Bihar Cabinet Clears AI Mission, EV Policy & Mega Road Plan
- Approved a Rs 15,967 crore road/infrastructure plan and induction of 400 electric buses for city transport.
- Cleared a Bihar AI Mission and an Electric Vehicle (EV) Policy for green mobility and skilling.
- Earlier packages added biogas plants, solar subsidies and a DA hike for state employees.
- Backs the goal of one crore jobs under the Bihar Industrial Investment Promotion Policy.
BIHAR Makhana Development Scheme Boosts Bihar Fox-Nut Farmers
- Mithila Makhana holds a GI tag (granted 2022); Bihar grows nearly 85-90% of India's makhana.
- The development scheme gives up to Rs 72,750 per hectare subsidy to farmers.
- A Makhana Board (announced in Union Budget 2025-26) supports processing, branding and exports.
- Grown mainly in Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnia, Katihar, Saharsa (Mithila/Kosi region).
BIHAR Ganga, Punpun Above Danger Mark; Bihar on Flood Alert
- Bihar is India's most flood-prone state; about 73% of its area is flood-affected.
- Chief flood-causing rivers: Kosi ('Sorrow of Bihar'), Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla, Mahananda, Punpun.
- The Kosi carries huge silt from Nepal; flood management involves embankments and the Kosi barrage (Birpur).
- Response uses the SDRF/NDRF framework and Flood Management Improvement schemes.
BIHAR Gaya Gears Up for Pitri Paksha Mela 2026
- The Mela begins 25 September 2026; authorities plan a 2,500-bed tent city, helplines and transport.
- Nearby Bodh Gaya (Mahabodhi Temple) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site on the Buddhist circuit.
- The seasonal Falgu (Phalgu) now has the Gayaji Dam rubber dam for year-round water.
ECONOMY RBI Drains Rs 6 Lakh Crore to Mop Up Surplus Liquidity
- Surplus liquidity had reached Rs 11.6 lakh crore, nearly 4% of banking-system deposits.
- RBI accepted Rs 3.53 lakh crore in overnight and Rs 2.59 lakh crore in 30-day bids.
- The repo rate stands at 5.25% with a neutral stance; SDF 5.00%, MSF 5.50%.
- FY27 GDP growth projection was raised to 6.7%; the inflation forecast was cut.
IR India to Host 18th BRICS Summit at Bharat Mandapam
- India's chairship theme: 'Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability'.
- Founding members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa; the grouping later expanded.
- Agenda pillars: Global South, climate action, digital infrastructure, green finance, multilateral reform, local-currency trade.
- The New Development Bank (NDB) is BRICS's flagship bank (HQ Shanghai, est. 2014).
DEFENCE Defence Council Clears Rs 1.10 Lakh Crore Procurement
- Approvals include CBRN reconnaissance vehicles, radars, advanced light helicopters and marine gas turbines.
- Strong thrust on Atmanirbharta (self-reliance) and Make-in-India in defence.
- Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) is the first step in the defence capital-acquisition process.
ECONOMY PM-KISAN Extended up to 2030-31 with Rs 3.15 Lakh Crore
- PM-KISAN gives Rs 6,000/year in three Rs 2,000 instalments via DBT to eligible farmer families.
- Launched in 2019; among the world's largest DBT schemes.
- Bihar has a large beneficiary base given its ~54% agriculture-dependent workforce.
POLITY Cabinet Approves Raising Supreme Court Judge Strength by 4
- SC strength is fixed by the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act, 1956, amended periodically.
- Judges are appointed by the President through the Collegium (CJI + 4 senior-most judges).
- Article 124 governs the establishment and composition of the Supreme Court.
IR Rajnath Singh Visits Sri Lanka to Deepen Defence Ties
- Talks covered defence, maritime security and regional cooperation under Neighbourhood First.
- Sri Lanka is central to India's Indian Ocean Region (IOR) security and the SAGAR vision.
- Builds on growing India-Sri Lanka connectivity and energy cooperation.
9 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Seven Rivers Breach Danger Mark: Bihar Flood Emergency
- 7 rivers above danger mark: Ganga, Gandak, Kosi, Budhi Gandak, Punpun, Bagmati, Ghaghara
- 14 districts, 35.89 lakh people and 491 gram panchayats affected; Samastipur alone 2.33 lakh
- 5 deaths in Patna (Danapur, Maner); ₹4 lakh ex-gratia per family
- Relief: 456 community kitchens (10 lakh+ meals/day), 14 camps, 1,876 boats
- 10 NDRF + 27 SDRF teams deployed; Munger's Ganga ran 70 cm above danger
POLITY Cabinet Extends Student Credit Card Scheme to 2030-31
- Student Credit Card Scheme extended to 2030-31; education loans up to ₹4 lakh
- Routed via Bihar State Education Finance Corporation
- Mukhyamantri Samagra Shahari Vikas Yojana extended to 2030-31
- ₹40 cr for Bihar & Patna Museum upkeep; ₹39.80 cr for Nehru Path widening
ECONOMY Fourth Agriculture Roadmap Cleared — ₹23,698 Crore
- ₹23,698 cr Fourth Agriculture Roadmap approved
- ₹9,748 cr under PMKSY for irrigation infrastructure
- ₹198 cr to Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
- Bihar Sports Policy 2026 — 'Win a Medal, Get a Job'
- 22,000 Anganwadi worker/helper vacancies cleared
BIHAR Makhana Development Scheme: ₹476 Crore, 9 Districts
- ₹476.03 cr over 2025-26 to 2030-31 (≈ ₹79 cr/year)
- 9 districts: Madhubani, Darbhanga, Sitamarhi, Saharsa, Katihar, Purnea, Supaul, Kishanganj, Araria
- National Makhana Board constituted 14 Sep 2025, headquartered in Bihar
- Bihar ≈ 85% of India's makhana; India ≈ 90% of world output
- Mithila Makhana carries a GI tag (2022)
BIHAR Patna Metro Gets ₹628 Crore Central Capital Aid
- ₹628.32 cr from the Centre's Special Assistance for Capital Investment, FY 2026-27
- Funding split: Centre 20% / State 20% / external loan 60%
- Implemented via Patna Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (PMRCL)
- O&M by DMRC; ₹2,179.37 cr estimated for ~2 years 8 months
DEFENCE DAC Clears ₹1.10 Lakh Crore Defence Acquisitions
- ₹1.10 lakh crore capital acquisitions cleared
- Chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh
- Covers CBRN vehicles, helicopters, radars, marine gas-turbine engines
- Strengthens combat power of Army, Navy and Air Force
- Reinforces Atmanirbharta (self-reliance) in defence
SCI-TECH India Joins Global 'Call to Action for 6G'
- India plus USA and 24 nations back the 'Call to Action for 6G Leadership and Security'
- India's Bharat 6G Mission targets a global 6G hub by 2030
- Focus on secure, trusted telecom supply chains and standards
SOCIETY India's UNESCO Tentative Tally Reaches 73 Sites
- 4 sites added to the tentative list
- Includes Rangpur-Sivasagar (Assam), Colonial Penal Settlement (Andaman), Painted Haveli Towns (Rajasthan)
- India's tentative tally now 73 sites
- Break-up: 53 Cultural, 17 Natural, 3 Mixed
ECONOMY Coastal LAB Becomes First in RBI's Second Schedule
- Coastal Local Area Bank (Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh) entered the RBI Second Schedule
- Under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
- First LAB ever to become a scheduled bank
- Gains access to RBI liquidity and refinance facilities
ECONOMY IFC Commits USD 1 Billion for Indian MSMEs
- USD 1 billion mobilised by the International Finance Corporation (IFC)
- USD 500 mn to SIDBI plus USD 500 mn via syndication
- Up to 7-year loans to MSMEs
- Targets manufacturing, auto-components, electronics, textiles, food processing
SOCIETY Satwik-Chirag Win Maiden China Masters Title
- Satwiksairaj Rankireddy & Chirag Shetty won the 19th China Masters (Shenzhen) men's doubles
- First Indians to win the men's doubles title there
- Final score: 11-21, 21-13, 21-17
- Their 10th BWF World Tour title
10 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Ganga breaches all-time record at Patna; 10.26 lakh hit across 11 districts
- Ganga at Gandhi Ghat, Patna: 50.53 m — 1 cm above the previous HFL of 50.52 m (Aug 2016).
- 10.26 lakh people affected across 11 districts (Patna, Bhojpur, Saran, Vaishali, Bhagalpur, Begusarai, Buxar, Samastipur, Munger, Katihar, Araria).
- 858 boats, 27 SDRF teams and 7 NDRF teams deployed; 38 community kitchens running.
- Rivers above danger mark: Gandak, Kosi (at Baltara), Burhi Gandak, Punpun, Ghaghara.
- 12,300 polythene sheets and 2,250 dry-ration packets distributed; embankment patrolling ordered.
BIHAR Bihar Cabinet backs AI-monitored roads, 400 e-buses and a State AI Mission
- Rs 15,967.03 crore sanctioned to maintain 19,305 km of roads over 7 years using AI/ML-based monitoring.
- 400 electric AC buses approved for 12-year operation from FY 2026-27: 150 for Patna, 50 each for Muzaffarpur, Bhagalpur, Gaya, Darbhanga and Purnia.
- State AI Mission approved with training and collaboration with IITs and C-DAC.
- $500 million World Bank loan cleared under the Urban Transformation Programme.
- River-erosion protection funds for Shahpur, Sonpur and Vaishali.
SOCIETY Bihar widens free JEE-NEET coaching to 700 model schools; honours 168 toppers
- Free JEE and NEET coaching extended to 700 Saraswati Vidya Niketan / model schools.
- 168 top performers of the 2026 Intermediate and Matriculation exams honoured.
- Rewards include cash awards, laptops and scholarships.
- Aims to cut dependence on costly private coaching and stem out-migration of students.
BIHAR Bihar seeks Rs 2,130 crore for Gaya-Bodhgaya and Nalanda-Rajgir heritage circuit
- Rs 2,130 crore plan: Rs 1,080 cr for Gaya-Bodhgaya and Rs 1,050 cr for Nalanda-Rajgir.
- Rs 12.16 crore for Simriya Ghat (Begusarai) under the PRASHAD scheme.
- Bodhgaya to get a Heritage Haat and an international food court.
- Targets 'national and international tourism destinations' and tourism-led local economy.
ECONOMY GI-tagged Mithila Makhana reaches Australia by sea for the first time
- Mithila Makhana (fox nut) received its GI tag in 2022.
- First-ever sea shipment to Australia, cutting freight cost versus air export.
- A dedicated National Makhana Board anchors production, processing and branding.
- Bihar accounts for the bulk of India's makhana output, concentrated in the Mithila region.
ECONOMY Union Cabinet clears 5 railway multi-tracking projects worth Rs 10,021 crore
- Five multi-tracking projects approved worth about Rs 10,021 crore.
- Spread across five states to decongest key rail corridors.
- Aim: higher capacity, faster freight and better logistics efficiency.
- Aligned with PM Gati Shakti and the National Logistics Policy goals.
DEFENCE India-Japan air exercise Veer Guardian-2026 begins at Jodhpur
- Veer Guardian-2026 held at Jodhpur, Rajasthan from 9-22 September 2026.
- Second edition, following the first in Japan (2023).
- IAF assets: LCA Tejas, Su-30 MKI and Rafale.
- JASDF participation: 3 F-2A aircraft and 110 personnel.
SCI-TECH GalaxEye becomes first Indian startup to win a US patent for OptoSAR imaging
- GalaxEye (Bengaluru, founded 2021) won a US patent for OptoSAR.
- OptoSAR fuses optical + Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging in one system.
- Works in all-weather, day-night conditions, unlike optical-only sensors.
- Uses span national security, agriculture, infrastructure, maritime and disaster management.
IR India objects to UN map's depiction of Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin
- India protested the UN map's depiction of Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin.
- New Delhi reiterated Arunachal Pradesh is an integral part of India.
- Aksai Chin remains under Chinese control but is claimed by India.
- The boundary in the east follows the McMahon Line; the de-facto line is the LAC.
ECONOMY Crude oil tops $100 a barrel on West Asia tensions, pressuring India
- Crude oil crossed $100 per barrel on Middle East / West Asia tensions.
- India imports over 85% of its crude, so higher prices widen the import bill.
- Costlier oil can push retail inflation and pressure the rupee and CAD.
- Comes as India's July 2026 CPI hit 4.45%, a 19-month high, with food inflation at 5.52%.
11 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar Cabinet extends Student Credit Card & urban schemes to 2030-31
- Student Credit Card Scheme extended to 2030-31; loans up to ₹4 lakh via the State Education Finance Corporation.
- Mukhyamantri Samagra Shahari Vikas Yojana (urban) also extended to 2030-31.
- New Bihar State Goat Rearing Cooperative Federation set up with ₹14.795 crore.
- ₹40 crore for Bihar & Patna Museum upkeep; ₹39.80 crore for Nehru Path widening.
BIHAR 336-km Buxar–Bhagalpur expressway & 11,000-borewell irrigation push cleared
- Buxar–Bhagalpur Expressway: 336 km, access-controlled, on PPP (DBFOT) via the BSRDCL.
- Alignment crosses Arwal, Jehanabad, Nalanda, Jamui and other districts.
- Mukhyamantri Niji Nalkoop Yojana: 11,000 private borewells at ₹305.6 crore (FY 2026-27).
- Targets irrigation of ~2.3 lakh hectares, over 35,000 earlier-surveyed borewells.
POLITY Samrat Choudhary govt drives law-and-order & judicial reforms
- CM holds Home & General Administration; focus on crime crackdowns and anti-liquor drives.
- 100 fast-track courts planned for speedy disposal of pending cases.
- Women's safety via Pink Policing & Police Didi; urban satellite townships proposed.
- Education reforms include private school fee regulation.
ENVIRONMENT Ganga in spate: floods spotlight Bihar's river-management challenge
- By official assessments, ~76% of north Bihar's population lives under recurring flood threat.
- Key rivers: Kosi ('Sorrow of Bihar'), Gandak, Bagmati, Ganga — many Himalayan, Nepal-fed.
- Management mix: embankments, barrages, desilting, flood forecasting, relief.
- Rising Ganga caused waterlogging and road submergence in riverine belts.
POLITY Delhi court frames charges against Lalu, Rabri, Tejashwi in IRCTC case
- Court framed charges against Lalu Prasad Yadav, Rabri Devi & Tejashwi Yadav.
- Seven other accused were discharged in the case.
- Relates to alleged irregularities in IRCTC hotel contracts during 2004-09.
- Probed under the PMLA, 2002 by the Enforcement Directorate (ED).
POLITY Home Ministry proposes Article 371(K) special provisions for Ladakh
- Proposed Article 371(K) would create a directly elected body for the UT of Ladakh.
- Seeks safeguards over land, culture, language, forests and environment.
- Mirrors special provisions like 371A (Nagaland) and 371G (Mizoram).
- Follows demands for statehood / Sixth Schedule protection in Ladakh.
ENVIRONMENT India reports 21.76 million ha restored at UNCCD COP17
- India has restored 21.76 million hectares, toward its 26 million ha by 2030 target.
- Theme: 'Restoring Land, Restoring Hope'; ~40% of world's land is degraded.
- Summit secured $1.3 billion new finance; binding drought treaty deferred to COP18.
- India cited Mission Amrit Sarovar, PMKSY watershed and Rajasthan's Orans.
SCI-TECH ISRO hot-tests indigenous CE20 cryogenic engine at 220 kN
- The CE20 cryogenic engine was hot-tested at the 220 kN thrust level.
- CE20 powers the cryogenic upper stage (C25) of the LVM3.
- Uses the high-efficiency LOX–LH2 (liquid oxygen–hydrogen) propellant.
- The test validates engine performance for operational flights.
DEFENCE India–Japan air exercise 'Veer Guardian-2026' begins at Jodhpur
- Veer Guardian-2026: India–Japan air exercise at AFS Jodhpur (from 9 Sept).
- IAF fields LCA Tejas, Su-30 MKI, Rafale; JASDF deploys F-2A fighters.
- First-time deployment of Japanese fighters at an Indian air base.
- Focus: tactical interoperability and joint aerial operations.
SCI-TECH Deep Ocean Mission advances with ORV 'Sagar Manthan'
- ORV Sagar Manthan: ₹840 crore, 30-year life, built by GRSE, Kolkata.
- Part of Deep Ocean Mission – Vertical 4 (ocean survey & exploration).
- Carries ROV/AUV systems, multibeam bathymetry and seismic gear.
- Supports deep-sea mineral exploration and tsunami/climate forecasting.
12 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Ganga at record high: 47 lakh hit across Bihar
- 47.33 lakh people affected across 15 districts (Sep 12).
- Ganga at Gandhi Ghat, Patna crossed its 2016 record; at Sultanganj it ran 2.12 m above danger.
- Seven rivers above danger: Ganga, Gandak, Kosi, Burhi Gandak, Punpun, Bagmati, Ghaghra.
- 1,876 boats, 10 NDRF + 27 SDRF teams, 1,221 kitchens; 4 embankment breaches in Bhagalpur.
- September rain 27% above normal (104.1 mm).
BIHAR Bihar plans 126-km Ganga Marine Drive & big investment push
- 126-km Marine Drive along the Ganga & Sone (Dighwara–Sherpur).
- ~₹6 lakh crore investment plan via an expanded township policy.
- 14,000 acres acquired; 6.5 lakh acres planned for townships.
- Parallel bridges to JP Setu & Mahatma Gandhi Setu; focus on pharma, IT & MSMEs.
BIHAR Patna Metro gets ₹628.32 crore central boost
- ₹628.32 crore from central SASCI funds.
- Funds accelerate Corridor-1 & Corridor-2.
- Metro also planned for Muzaffarpur, Gaya, Darbhanga & Bhagalpur.
BIHAR National Makhana Board powers Bihar's superfood economy
- National Makhana Board (HQ Purnia) drives value-addition & exports.
- Mithila Makhana holds a GI tag (2022).
- Makhana Vikas Yojana 2026-27 with a ₹476 crore push.
- Bihar contributes ~90% of India's makhana output.
IR 18th BRICS Summit opens in New Delhi
- Held in New Delhi, 12–13 September 2026; India's 4th chairship.
- Theme: 'Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation & Sustainability'.
- 11 full members + 10 partner countries.
- The STI track adopted the Chennai Declaration (BRICS GRAIN, AI, quantum).
POLITY SC upholds RBI power over co-operative bank boards
- RBI may supersede boards beyond six months (within statutory limits).
- Flows from the Banking Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2020.
- Aims to curb governance failures in co-operative banks.
POLITY DILRMP 3.0 launched for digital land records
- DILRMP 3.0 (2026–2031), central-sector, outlay ~₹565.5 crore.
- Bhu-Aadhaar: a 14-digit ULPIN for every land parcel.
- Registration Seva Kendras, Revenue Court CMS & NAKSHA urban mapping.
- 100% central funding with performance-linked release.
SCI-TECH ISRO tests uprated CE20 cryogenic engine
- CE20 tested at 220 kN thrust.
- Uses liquid oxygen + liquid hydrogen (cryogenic).
- Powers the LVM3 upper stage; key for Gaganyaan.
DEFENCE India–US 'Yudh Abhyas 2026' exercise underway
- 22nd edition; began 9 September 2026.
- Held at Bikaner (Rajasthan) & Auli (Uttarakhand).
- Focus on high-altitude & counter-terror drills under a UN mandate.
15 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Ganga-Kosi-Gandak in spate: 49 lakh hit across 15 Bihar districts
- About 49 lakh (4.9 million) people affected across 15 districts including Patna, Bhagalpur, Saran, Vaishali, Katihar & Araria.
- Ganga at Sultanganj flowing at 36.21 m, i.e. 1.71 m above the danger level.
- September rainfall 111.7 mm, about 13% above normal.
- Relief: 1,260 community kitchens, 13 relief camps, 10 NDRF + 27 SDRF teams deployed.
BIHAR Cabinet clears Rs 23,698-cr 4th Agriculture Road-map & Sports Policy 2026
- 4th Agriculture Road-map outlay: ₹23,698 crore.
- ₹9,748 crore for irrigation under PM Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY).
- ₹198 crore to Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour; 22,000 Anganwadi posts to be filled.
- Sports Policy 2026 offers 'Win a Medal, Get a Job' to state and national medallists.
BIHAR Patna Metro gets Rs 628.32-crore push; Malahi Pakri extension opens
- Funding boost: ₹628.32 crore for the Priority + full corridors.
- Patna Metro runs on two lines (Blue & Red), first stretch operational since 2025.
- New Malahi Pakri station extension commissioned in 2026.
- Aims to cut congestion in Patna, Bihar's largest urban agglomeration.
POLITY Samrat Choudhary at helm as State reviews 'Seva Sankalp Abhiyan'
- Samrat Choudhary (BJP) is Bihar CM since April 2026.
- Seva Sankalp Abhiyan = time-bound delivery of welfare & certificate services at the doorstep.
- Focus on saturation of Centre-State schemes down to the block level.
- Complements the Bihar Lok Shikayat Nivaran Adhikar Act, 2015 (RTPS).
ECONOMY SEBI extends T+0 same-day settlement to the top 500 stocks
- T+0 = trade and settlement of funds/securities on the same day.
- Now available on the top 500 stocks by market-cap (from 25 earlier).
- India already shifted equities to T+1 in 2023, a global first at scale.
- SEBI is a statutory body under the SEBI Act, 1992; HQ Mumbai.
ECONOMY August GST mop-up at Rs 2.32 lakh crore, second-highest ever
- ₹2.32 lakh crore = 2nd-highest monthly GST collection on record.
- GST is a destination-based consumption tax, live since 1 July 2017.
- Governed by the GST Council (Art. 279A), chaired by the Union FM.
- Buoyant GST strengthens transfers to States like Bihar via devolution.
IR India takes over presidency of the International Solar Alliance
- ISA now has about 124 member countries; HQ at Gurugram, Haryana.
- Co-founded by India and France at CoP-21 (Paris, 2015).
- Motto: 'One Sun, One World, One Grid' (OSOWOG).
- Targets mobilising USD 1 trillion in solar investment by 2030.
SCI-TECH ISRO orbits GSAT-N3 communication satellite aboard LVM3
- GSAT-N3 is a high-throughput communication satellite for broadband & broadcasting.
- Launched on LVM3 (formerly GSLV Mk-III), ISRO's heaviest operational rocket.
- Strengthens rural connectivity, tele-medicine and disaster communication.
- Built by NewSpace India Ltd (NSIL), ISRO's commercial arm.
REPORT ADB lifts India's FY27 growth forecast to 7.4%
- India FY27 GDP growth projected at 7.4% (revised upward).
- India remains the fastest-growing major economy.
- ADB HQ Manila; India is a founding member (1966).
- Robust growth supports jobs and capex in lagging States.
16 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Gaya Vishnupad Corridor Cleared at ₹3,516 cr
- Corridor cost: ₹3,516.05 crore, the biggest item in the package.
- Vishnupad Temple stands on the banks of the Falgu (Phalgu) river at Gaya.
- Works: riverfront & ghats, parking, pathways and pilgrim facilities.
- Aims to boost the Gaya–Bodh Gaya pilgrimage-tourism circuit.
ECONOMY ₹89.79 cr Makhana Development Scheme Approved
- Makhana scheme outlay: ₹89.79 crore for 2026-27.
- Bihar grows nearly 90% of India's makhana (fox-nut), mainly the Mithila/Kosi belt.
- Mithila Makhana holds a GI tag (2022).
- A National Makhana Board is being set up in Bihar for processing & exports.
- Horticulture Mission: ₹78.34 crore; oil-palm push under the National Mission on Edible Oils.
ENVIRONMENT Bihar Floods 2026: Ganga Touches All-Time High
- ~40 lakh+ people affected across North & Central Bihar.
- The Kosi is the 'Sorrow of Bihar'; it rises in the Tibet/Nepal Himalaya.
- Cabinet cleared a ₹1,000 crore intake well on the Sone river for water security.
- Response: embankments, barrages and NDRF/SDRF relief deployment.
SOCIETY Patna Metro Blue Line Nears Full Launch
- Corridor: Patna Junction–New ISBT, about 14 km north-south.
- A 7.9 km underground stretch (Patna Jn–Rajendra Nagar) is being finished.
- Built by PMRCL with technical support from DMRC.
- Final elevated stations: Khemnichak and Malahi Pakri.
HEALTH Bihar to Add 366 Assistant Professors in Medical Colleges
- 366 Assistant Professors on contract across 5 medical colleges.
- Contractual posts also cleared for dental colleges.
- Aims to sustain MBBS/PG teaching and clinical services.
- Complements Bihar's push to raise MBBS seats and district hospitals.
BIHAR Bihar Cabinet Clears 17 Proposals in One Sitting
- 17 proposals cleared in one sitting.
- ₹1,000 cr Sone-river intake well; ₹3,516 cr Vishnupad Corridor.
- ₹89.79 cr Makhana + ₹78.34 cr horticulture (2026-27/27-28).
- Brick-kiln dues relief of ₹266 cr; new posts in the Animal Sciences University.
IR India Hosts the 18th BRICS Summit in New Delhi
- 18th Summit; venue Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.
- BRICS = ~50% of world population, ~40% of GDP, >25% of trade.
- Focus: local-currency trade, payment systems, cross-border investment.
- India–Russia talks covered trade, defence, energy and critical minerals.
ECONOMY Wholesale Inflation (WPI) Climbs to 9.92% in August
- WPI: 9.92% (Aug) vs 9.78% (Jul).
- CPI (retail): 4.82%; food inflation 5.95%.
- WPI base year 2011-12; released by the Office of Economic Adviser (DPIIT).
- CPI compiled by NSO/MoSPI; RBI targets CPI at 4% (±2%).
POLITY SC: RBI Can Supersede Co-op Bank Boards Beyond 6 Months
- The third proviso to Art. 243ZL(1) is read as an independent substantive provision.
- Anchored in the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (Sec. 36AAA) and the 97th Amendment (2011).
- A five-year statutory limit is the outer safeguard for board elections.
- The consultation proviso applies only to state-registered co-op banks.
DEFENCE India to Add Two New Missile-Testing Ranges
- Nagayalanka (AP) range: about ₹1,460 crore; radars, telemetry, EO tracking.
- Junput (WB) coastal range: an extension of the Chandipur test range.
- Supports ballistic & cruise missiles, air-defence and BMD Phase-II.
- Projects overseen by the DRDO.
REPORT India Climbs to 94th in the UN SDG Index 2026
- Rank 94/167; score 68.3/100 (best ever).
- Up 18 places since 2015 (from 112th).
- Published by the UN SDSN; Finland ranked 1st.
- Weak spots: SDG-2 (Zero Hunger); only about 33% of targets on track for 2030.
17 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar Cabinet clears 17 proposals; ₹2,520 cr Vishnupad Corridor approved
- ₹2,520 crore for the Vishnupad Temple Corridor, Gaya — ghats, elevated pathways, multilevel parking & dormitories.
- 366 Assistant Professor posts (contract) across 5 govt medical colleges: Bettiah, Purnia, Madhepura, Chhapra, Samastipur.
- One-time brick-kiln dues settlement for FY 2024-25 (interest waived, 3-month window).
- Bihar Water Resource Restoration & Silt Management Policy 2026 cleared.
SOCIETY 'Seva Sankalp Abhiyan' launches today; 26 schemes delivered on-the-spot
- Runs 17 Sep – 17 Oct 2026, with activities extended up to March 2027.
- 26 central schemes delivered on-the-spot at block/panchayat 'Sarkar Aapke Dwar' camps.
- 13 themes across 9 departments (education, health, rural development, PHED, panchayati raj, urban housing, SC/ST & backward-class welfare).
- Opens with an 'Aashirwad ka Diya' lamp-lighting on the evening of 17 Sep.
ECONOMY ₹89.8 cr makhana push; ₹78.3 cr Horticulture Mission for crop diversification
- ₹89.80 crore Makhana Development Scheme (FY 2026-27): seeds, processing, branding & market linkage.
- Bihar grows ~85-90% of India's makhana; 'Mithila Makhana' holds a GI tag (2022).
- ₹78.34 crore Horticulture Development Mission for diversification into fruits, vegetables & spices.
- Son-Falgu river-linking (₹996 cr) & a ₹1,000 cr flood/irrigation fund also cleared.
ENVIRONMENT ₹579 cr flood relief to 8.27 lakh families as Ganga, Kosi & Gandak swell
- ₹579 crore transferred to 8.27 lakh families, ₹7,000 each via DBT.
- Rivers in spate: Ganga, Kosi & Gandak (with the Bagmati & Kamla-Balan basins).
- The CM ordered left-out names added within a week; a central team is assessing damage.
- The Kosi — the 'Sorrow of Bihar' — carries heavy Himalayan silt into the plains.
BIHAR Bihar signs Modified UDAN MoU; heliports planned for aspirational districts
- Part of the Cabinet's 17 approvals on 15 Sep 2026.
- UDAN = Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik regional-connectivity scheme (launched 2016).
- New para-veterinary posts created at Bihar Animal Sciences University.
- Aims to link smaller cities and boost tourism & medical access.
REPORT Economic Survey: Bihar's economy grows 14.9%, ahead of the national average
- GSDP grew 14.9% (current prices) versus India's 12.0%.
- GSDP (2024-25) at ₹9.92 lakh crore; per-capita income ₹76,490.
- Sector shares: Services 54.8%, Industry 26.8%, Agriculture 18.3%.
- Per-capita NSDP is still only ~31.7% of the all-India average.
POLITY Supreme Court tells RBI to ensure lawful repossession of financed vehicles
- The Court barred forcible / musclemen repossession; recovery must follow law and fair procedure.
- An NBFC (Cholamandalam) was penalised for a coercive seizure.
- The RBI must ensure lenders follow its Fair Practices Code.
- The ruling upholds borrower dignity under Article 21.
ECONOMY Retail inflation rises to 4.82% in August 2026; food prices firm up
- Food inflation (CFPI) at 5.95%; rural 5.23%, urban 4.31%.
- Still within the RBI's 4% (±2%) target band.
- New CPI base year is 2024=100.
- The RBI's MPC targets 4% medium-term inflation.
IR India protests Pakistan Navy vessel's collision with warship in Arabian Sea
- India cited unsafe, unprofessional high-speed manoeuvring.
- The MEA summoned Pakistan's Chargé d'Affaires on 16 Sep.
- India invoked the 1991 India-Pakistan military-exercises agreement & COLREGs.
- The Indian Navy keeps 3-4 ships escorting merchant vessels in the region.
REPORT India ranks 131st on the Global Gender Gap Index 2026
- Top three: Iceland, Finland, Norway.
- The index measures four pillars: economy, education, health & political empowerment.
- It is published by the World Economic Forum (WEF).
- Global gaps persist most in economic participation.
IR 18th BRICS Summit in New Delhi adopts the 'New Delhi Declaration'
- Launched BRICS-AGRIN, a farmer-centric agriculture framework.
- New: an Integrated Early-Warning System for infectious diseases, plus logistics & MSME initiatives.
- NIMHANS Bengaluru named the mental-health training coordinating centre.
- Theme: 'Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation & Sustainability'.
18 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar Floods 2026: Ganga at Patna crosses 2016 record
- About 47.33 lakh people affected across 15 districts.
- Rivers above danger mark: Ganga, Kosi, Gandak, Bagmati, Burhi Gandak, Punpun, Ghaghra.
- 10 NDRF and 27 SDRF teams deployed; 1,876 boats in service.
- 1,221 community kitchens, 15 relief camps (12,260 people), 3.13 lakh polythene sheets.
- September rainfall about 27% above normal (104.1 mm).
ECONOMY Bihar opens 2026-27 paddy procurement at raised MSP
- Paddy (common) MSP raised ₹72 to ₹2,441/quintal; Grade-A ₹2,461/quintal.
- Centre cleared higher MSP for 14 Kharif crops (2026-27), a ₹2.6 lakh crore outgo.
- Bihar payment target: within 48 hours of purchase, into farmers' accounts.
- Procurement via PACS and vyapar mandals; registration of raiyat/non-raiyat farmers live.
SCI-TECH Bihar rolls out a dedicated AI Policy 2026
- Focus pillars: AI/IT hubs, skilling & jobs, e-governance and investment.
- Aims to attract data centres and Global Capability Centres (GCCs).
- AI to be used in citizen-facing services and governance analytics.
- Positions Bihar within India's wider push on an AI mission and IT hub development.
SOCIETY Pitripaksh Mela 2026 to begin in Gaya on 25 September
- Pilgrims perform pind-daan / shraddh for ancestors during Pitru Paksha.
- Rites centre on the Falgu river and the Vishnupad Temple.
- Child-safety step: QR-coded bands linked to parents' contact details.
- One of Bihar's largest religious congregations, drawing pilgrims from across India and abroad.
BIHAR Four Bihar-linked names in 72nd National Film Awards
- Sanjay Mishra — Best Supporting Actor (for Bhakshak).
- Kamlesh Kumar Mishra & Meenati Mishra (Gopalganj) — for the film Kakori.
- Sanjeev Srivastava (Muzaffarpur) — Best Film Critic.
- Kartik Aaryan and Mammootty shared Best Actor (Leading Role).
IR 18th BRICS Summit concludes in New Delhi
- Theme: Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation, Sustainability.
- India's earlier BRICS chair years: 2012, 2016, 2021; this is the 4th.
- NIMHANS, Bengaluru named coordinating centre for a mental-health training hub.
- New initiatives in space, health and agriculture announced.
ECONOMY Jobless rate eases to 5.0% in August 2026
- Unemployment rate: 5.0% (August) vs 5.1% (July).
- Labour Force Participation Rate: 55.6%.
- Worker-Population Ratio: 52.8%.
- Survey coverage: about 3.70 lakh persons nationally.
ENVIRONMENT Dryland Congress 2026 adopts 'Delhi Declaration on Drylands'
- Organised by ICAR and ICRISAT.
- Adopted the Delhi Declaration on Drylands (3D).
- Inaugural ISSCA Global Awards 2026: 170 nominations from 34 countries.
- Focus: resilient dryland farming, soil & water conservation.
DEFENCE Defence Ministry launches VIMARSH 2026 with tech transfers
- 9 Technology Transfer Licensing Agreements (TTLAs) signed.
- Aim: strengthen Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence.
- Encourages private industry participation in defence R&D.
- Part of a wider push on defence indigenisation and exports.
SOCIETY India lift record 8th Women's T20 Asia Cup title
- India's 8th Women's T20 Asia Cup title — a record.
- Beat Sri Lanka by 72 runs in the final.
- Reinforces India's dominance in Asian women's cricket.
19 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar Cabinet clears ₹2,520 cr Vishnupad Corridor in Gaya
- Vishnupad Temple Corridor, Gaya: ₹2,520 crore, built on the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor model.
- To be executed by the Bihar State Road Development Corporation; includes ghats, multi-level parking, elevated pathways & dormitories.
- ₹1,000 crore withdrawal sanctioned from the State Contingency Fund.
- Boosts the Gaya–Bodh Gaya faith-tourism circuit.
BIHAR Makhana scheme & Son–Phalgu river-linking approved
- Makhana Development Scheme 2026-27: ₹89.79 crore outlay.
- Son–Phalgu river-linking: ₹996.05 crore, with an 11-km pipeline from the Indrapuri Barrage intake well.
- National Mission on Edible Oil (Oil Palm): ₹2.10 crore for 2026-27.
- Bihar grows the bulk of India's makhana; Mithila Makhana holds a GI tag (2022).
BIHAR Bihar floods: 47.33 lakh hit as Ganga breaks 2016 record
- 47.33 lakh people affected across 15 districts (Bhagalpur, Patna, Saran, Vaishali, Katihar, Purnea, Begusarai, Buxar).
- Ganga at Patna's Gandhi Ghat crossed its 2016 record; Gandak, Kosi, Bagmati, Burhi Gandak & Punpun above the danger mark.
- Relief: 1,221 community kitchens, 15 camps (12,260 people), 1,876 boats, 3.13 lakh polythene sheets, 48,400 dry-ration packets.
- 27 SDRF and 10 NDRF teams deployed.
BIHAR Bihar's 125-day job guarantee & new welfare push
- 'Viksit Bihar' employment guarantee: 125 days of unskilled work a year across 38 districts.
- Welfare schemes: 'Police Didi' for women's safety, digital property registration for senior citizens, satellite townships & heli-tourism.
- Samrat Choudhary has been Chief Minister since 15 April 2026 (BJP).
- A water-resource policy for silt management in rivers & reservoirs was also cleared.
BIHAR UDAN, brick-kiln settlement & prison-land fuel pumps cleared
- Implementation of the modified UDAN regional-connectivity aviation scheme in the state.
- A one-time settlement scheme for brick-kiln operators' outstanding dues.
- Petrol-pump operations permitted on prison lands at 4 locations.
- New mining-sector regulations approved.
BIHAR 366 medical faculty posts cleared to fix doctor gaps
- 366 assistant-professor posts across 5 government medical colleges (contract basis).
- Faculty recruitment for professor and lecturer roles in dental colleges.
- 4 instructor and 2 clerical posts at the Patna Paravet School (Veterinary Sciences).
- Aims to improve teaching capacity and healthcare delivery.
IR India hosts 18th BRICS Summit; New Delhi Declaration adopted
- Theme: 'Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability'.
- 11 members: India, Brazil, Russia, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE & Indonesia.
- Adopted the New Delhi Declaration – a 140-paragraph consensus on global-governance & WTO reform and local-currency trade (no common currency).
- PM Modi held bilaterals with Russia's Putin and China's Xi Jinping.
POLITY PM distributes 51,000+ jobs at the 20th Rozgar Mela
- 51,000+ appointment letters distributed at the 20th Rozgar Mela.
- Rural Development Ministry to train about 34,000 rural youth under DDU-GKY 2.0 next month.
- President Droupadi Murmu appointed 14 judicial officers as judges across 5 High Courts.
- The Agnipath scheme was highlighted for skilling youth alongside military service.
ECONOMY GST 2.0: process reforms head to Council on 7 October
- Focus: expanding e-invoicing (including composition dealers) and rationalising input-tax-credit (ITC) rules.
- Follows the rate-rationalisation phase; described as still within GST 2.0, not 3.0.
- GST was introduced on 1 July 2017 via the 101st Constitutional Amendment.
- The GST Council is a constitutional body under Article 279A.
IR India sends 9th IAF relief flight to flood-hit Nepal
- The 9th IAF relief flight carried 11 tonnes of medicines, tents & hygiene kits.
- Part of India's Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR) outreach.
- The same Himalayan river system feeds both Nepal's floods and Bihar's (Kosi/Gandak).
- Reflects the 'Neighbourhood First' policy and 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam'.
SCI-TECH ISRO gears up for first uncrewed Gaganyaan mission
- Gaganyaan is India's first human-spaceflight programme.
- The uncrewed G1 flight will carry the humanoid robot 'Vyommitra'.
- The crewed mission is expected around 2027; ISRO chief is V. Narayanan.
- It will fly on the human-rated LVM3 from Sriharikota (SDSC SHAR).
20 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar floods: 47 lakh+ hit as Ganga, Kosi, Gandak breach danger mark
- 47.33 lakh people affected across 15 districts (Bhagalpur, Patna, Saran, Vaishali, Katihar, Purnea, Buxar).
- Ganga at Sultanganj ran 2.12 m above danger; Gandhi Ghat, Patna topped its 2016 record.
- 10 NDRF + 27 SDRF teams, 1,876 boats, 1,221 community kitchens, 15 relief camps deployed.
- Also above danger: Kosi, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Punpun, Ghaghra.
POLITY Bihar Cabinet clears 27 proposals; Student Credit Card extended to 2030-31
- Student Credit Card Scheme extended up to 2030-31 with a ~₹950 crore outlay.
- Kaushal Yuva Program (skill training) also extended.
- e-Cabinet approved for paperless governance.
- Support cleared for B.Ed college upgrades / multidisciplinary colleges.
ECONOMY National Makhana Board drives ₹476 cr push in Bihar's Mithilanchal
- Outlay ₹476.03 crore (2025-26 to 2030-31) for seed supply & post-harvest processing.
- Covers 9 districts: Madhubani, Darbhanga, Sitamarhi, Saharsa, Katihar, Purnea, Supaul, Kishanganj, Araria.
- India ~80% of global makhana output; NRC Makhana anchor at Darbhanga.
- Certified seed from Univ. Sabour & CAU Samastipur; Mithila Makhana holds a GI tag.
POLITY Patna HC quashes arbitrary externment, awards ₹1 lakh for Article 21 breach
- Bench of Justices Rajeev Ranjan Prasad & S.D. Mishra (order dated 11 Sep 2026).
- The order forced daily police attendance 40 km away, 10 AM-5 PM — held arbitrary.
- ₹1,00,000 compensation + ₹10,000 costs, recoverable from the erring DM (Banka).
- Held to violate Article 21 (protection of life & personal liberty).
SOCIETY Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojana anchors Bihar women's livelihoods drive
- First tranche of ₹10,000 each transferred to about 21 lakh women.
- Further support up to ₹2 lakh for viable enterprises after training.
- Aims to raise female labour-force participation and rural incomes.
- Delivered via the Jeevika (SHG) network for last-mile reach.
HEALTH Jan Aushadhi (PMBJP) widens basket to 2,110 affordable medicines
- 2,110 medicines + 315 surgicals/devices; 20,000+ Jan Aushadhi Kendras.
- Cumulative sales ₹7,873.85 cr (2021-22 to 2025-26); citizen savings ~₹37,200 cr.
- New baskets: Janaushadhi Bachpan (infant care) & Jan Aushadhi Swabhiman (adult diapers).
- Generics priced 50-90% below branded equivalents.
ENVIRONMENT Six states sign Kishau multipurpose dam pact on Tons river
- Pact signed 15 Sep 2026 by UP, Uttarakhand, HP, Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana.
- 232.6 m concrete gravity dam on the Tons river (Yamuna sub-basin); storage 1,562 MCM.
- Irrigation 97,000 ha; hydropower 1,476 MU; cost ~₹15,624 cr.
- Concerns flagged on seismic risk and displacement (~2,950 ha submergence).
ECONOMY US Fed's first hike since 2023 lifts rate to 3.75-4.00%
- Fed funds rate up 25 bps to 3.75-4.00% (decided 16 Sep 2026), a unanimous vote.
- Fed Chair Kevin Warsh; no rate cuts signalled through 2027.
- 2026 US inflation projected ~3.7%; the 2% target seen only by 2029.
- For India: risks of rupee pressure, FPI outflows and costlier external borrowing.
REPORT FAO 'Forests for Food' report flags 50,000+ wild species in diets
- Released 15 Sep 2026 by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
- Over 50,000 wild species are used globally for food and medicine.
- Forests can supply up to 20% of rural incomes in some areas.
- India's tools: Forest Rights Act 2006, MSP for Minor Forest Produce, Van Dhan Kendras.
SOCIETY Asian Games 2026 open in Aichi-Nagoya; India opens medal account
- 20th Asian Games opened 19 Sep 2026 at Aichi-Nagoya, Japan.
- Suchika Tariyal assured India's first-ever MMA medal with a semifinal berth.
- India began Day 1 with early silver medals; the contingent is led by stars like Neeraj Chopra.
- Cricket retained; MMA debuts at these Games.
21 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar Floods 2026: 47 Lakh Affected as Ganga Breaches 2016 Peak
- 47.33 lakh people affected across 15 districts, including Bhagalpur, Patna, Saran, Vaishali and Katihar.
- The Ganga at Gandhi Ghat, Patna crossed its previous maximum recorded level of 2016.
- Relief: 1,221 community kitchens, 15 relief camps, 1,876 boats, 27 SDRF + 10 NDRF teams.
- September rainfall about 27% above normal (104.1 mm); four embankment breaches in Bhagalpur.
ECONOMY Bihar's Integrated Sugar-Ethanol Push: 25 New Mills in Five Years
- Target of 25 new sugar mills in Bihar over five years (Sugarcane Industries Dept.).
- Foundation of 2 mills on 20 Nov 2026 at Sakri (Madhubani) and Raiyam (Darbhanga).
- Integrated model links sugar + ethanol + cogen power + CBG for value addition.
- Rs 2,137.83 crore sugarcane dues cleared for 2025-26; 266 acres secured for Motipur mill.
BIHAR Mithila Makhana: GI Crop Anchored by the National Makhana Board
- Mithila Makhana holds a Geographical Indication (GI) tag (granted 2022).
- National Makhana Board (Budget 2025-26) is headquartered in Bihar.
- Makhana Vikas Yojana 2026-27 funds seed, ponds, processing and FPO linkage.
- Bihar grows nearly 90% of India's makhana, centred on Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnea.
ECONOMY ADB to Back Bihar with Over $1 Billion for Industry and Social Sectors
- Support of over $1 billion (about Rs 9,000 crore) across sectors.
- New industrial hubs planned at Gaya and Muzaffarpur to boost manufacturing and logistics.
- Funds target the Buddhist Circuit, irrigation modernisation and smart-grid energy.
- Includes Bihar Health and Medical Education Transformation and school-readiness reforms.
SOCIETY Women-Centric Welfare: Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojana Scales Up
- Initial grant of Rs 10,000 each transferred to lakhs of women via DBT.
- Second phase offers scaling support of up to Rs 2 lakh for viable enterprises.
- Targets Jeevika self-help group members across rural Bihar.
- Part of a wider push on women-led development and financial inclusion.
BIHAR Bihar Metro Web Widens Beyond Patna's First Corridor
- Patna Metro first phase became operational in October 2025.
- Metro/rapid transit planned for Muzaffarpur, Gaya, Darbhanga and Bhagalpur.
- Urban transport tied to new industrial hubs and tourism circuits.
- Aims to cut congestion and vehicular emissions in growing cities.
POLITY Supreme Court Seeks a Uniform National Law on Court Deposits
- Bench of Justices P.S. Narasimha and Alok Aradhe referred the issue to the Law Commission.
- Current system forces repeated case-by-case decisions on investment, renewal and interest.
- The court suggested studying the US Court Registry Investment System as a model.
- Aim: consistent, transparent handling of large sums parked in litigation.
POLITY FCRA Amendment Bill 2026: Foreign Funds to Vest with Government on Cancellation
- Foreign funds/assets to vest in a designated authority upon licence cancellation.
- About 22,496 FCRA registrations cancelled since 2015; roughly 14,466 active.
- Domestic philanthropy projected near Rs 1.43 lakh crore; CSR spend about Rs 22,563 crore (FY25).
- Seen as tightening oversight of foreign funding of NGOs.
SCI-TECH Semiconductor Mission Phase 2 Shifts from Assembly to Fabrication
- About Rs 1.27 lakh crore committed under the mission's next phase.
- Investor interest of roughly Rs 1 lakh crore received.
- Focus shifts from ATMP (assembly/testing) to design, fabrication, equipment, materials.
- Five-year target: chips for automobiles, power systems and appliances.
IR Russia Stays India's Top Crude Supplier Amid Fresh US Sanctions Pressure
- Russia = 51% of India's crude oil imports (July 2026).
- US law authorises up to 100% tariffs on Russian-oil buyers, stacking on existing duties.
- Any levy needs a presidential waiver justification to the US Congress.
- India balances energy affordability against external pressure and diversification.
ECONOMY India-China Trade Deficit Widens as Imports Surge, Exports Stay Flat
- Bilateral trade about $167.6 billion (2025).
- Imports up 71% from $87.5B to $149.5B (2021-2025); exports roughly flat.
- About 70% of imports are intermediate goods; 22% capital goods.
- Rising import dependence in electronics and machinery components.
22 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR ECI notifies 28 MLC seats — Bihar to elect 8 Graduate & Teacher members
- MLC (Graduate/Teacher) seats: UP 11, Bihar 8, Maharashtra 5, Karnataka 4 — total 28.
- MLC polling on 23 October 2026 (8 am–4 pm); counting 27 October.
- Alongside, 12 Rajya Sabha seats (UP 10, Uttarakhand 1, WB 1 bye) poll on 16 October.
- Bihar's Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) is a permanent House of 75 members.
BIHAR Bihar flood crisis: 46+ lakh affected in 15 districts as three rivers swell
- Over 46 lakh people affected across 15 districts; NDRF & SDRF teams deployed.
- Kosi ('Sorrow of Bihar'), Gandak and the Ganga all above danger levels.
- Relief: contributions to the Chief Minister's Relief Fund from state bodies underway.
- Bihar is India's most flood-prone state — about 73% of its area is flood-affected.
BIHAR National Makhana Board scheme powers Mithila's fox-nut economy
- Scheme outlay: ₹476.03 crore for 2025-26 to 2030-31.
- Grown in 9 districts — Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnea, Katihar, Saharsa, Supaul, Sitamarhi, Kishanganj, Araria.
- Board notified (14 Sep 2025) and launched in Bihar (15 Sep 2025).
- Mithila Makhana holds a GI tag (2022); India makes ~80% of world makhana.
BIHAR Khagaria to be plugged into two greenfield expressway corridors
- Proposed links to the Buxar–Bhagalpur six-lane highway.
- And to the Patna–Purnea Greenfield Expressway.
- Aim: faster freight and passenger movement in east-central Bihar.
- Part of Bihar's push on greenfield expressways for logistics.
BIHAR Patna High Court holds officials accountable, awards cost to citizen
- Court held a District Magistrate's action illegal.
- ₹1 lakh compensation ordered, to be realised from erring officials.
- Reinforces personal accountability of public servants.
- Delivered under the HC's writ (Art. 226) powers.
IR India–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement to enter into force on 20 October
- New Zealand offers 100% duty-free access to Indian exports.
- India excludes dairy and sensitive farm products from concessions.
- Expected to aid Indian services, pharma and textiles.
- India still lacks a trade pact with China among RCEP economies.
SCI-TECH UPI 'Tap & Pay' unveiled at Global Fintech Fest 2026
- Uses NFC; works even without the user's mobile data (via terminal's internet).
- PIN-less for transactions up to ₹5,000.
- Operated by NPCI (a not-for-profit co., est. 2008) under RBI guidance.
- RuPay credit cards have supported UPI linkage since 2022.
HEALTH Ayurveda Day fixed on 23 September; 2026 is the 11th observance
- Fixed by Gazette Notification (23 March 2025); 2026 = 11th Ayurveda Day.
- WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre is at Jamnagar, Gujarat.
- WHO ICD-11 (TM2) codes Ayurveda, Siddha & Unani diagnostic terms.
- Falls under the Ministry of AYUSH.
SCI-TECH ISRO details Gaganyaan crew-module parachute recovery sequence
- Drogue chutes deploy first to stabilise & slow the capsule.
- Reefing limits initial canopy opening to manage opening shock.
- Three main parachutes deploy for the final descent before splashdown.
- Gaganyaan is India's first human spaceflight programme.
SOCIETY Asian Games 2026 (Aichi-Nagoya): India 12th with 6 medals; China dominates
- India (as on 21 Sep): 0 gold, 4 silver, 2 bronze = 6; ranked 12th.
- China leads with 23 gold (38 medals); Japan 2nd, South Korea 3rd.
- Games run 19 September – 4 October 2026.
- 43 sports, 71 disciplines, 469 medal events.
23 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Samrat Choudhary Cabinet pushes jobs, AI & EV agenda
- Bihar AI Mission aims to train 7,000 students over 5 years; a new Bihta dairy unit adds ~170 jobs.
- The CM's environment-friendly transport scheme targets a 30% EV share by 2030, with incentives for women buyers.
- DA was raised to 60% for ~9 lakh employees & 3.5 lakh pensioners; 100 acres in Vaishali went to a NIFTEM food-tech institute.
BIHAR Bihar floods hit 46 lakh as Ganga breaks records
- Over 46 lakh people across 15 districts are affected; earlier estimates put displacement near 40 lakh (4 million).
- The Ganga, Kosi, Gandak and Bagmati are all above the danger mark, with embankment breaches reported.
- NDRF and SDRF teams, boats and relief camps are deployed; North Bihar's Kosi–Gandak belt is worst hit.
ENVIRONMENT Why the Kosi–Gandak flood cycle keeps repeating
- Bihar's flood rivers — Kosi, Gandak, Bagmati, Burhi Gandak — originate in the Nepal/Himalaya and dump heavy silt on the plains.
- High-cusec releases from the Kosi and Gandak barrages raise downstream risk within hours.
- Embankment breaches convert protected land into flood zones; siltation steadily raises riverbeds.
ECONOMY Bihar economy crosses ₹9.9 lakh crore, outpaces India
- Bihar's GSDP reached ₹9,91,997 crore at current prices in 2024-25.
- Real growth was 8.6%, ahead of India's 6.5%; nominal growth was 13.1%.
- Per-capita income was ₹76,490 — still among India's lowest; the secondary sector grew 11.1%.
BIHAR Mithila Makhana's GI boom reshapes Bihar's farm economy
- Mithila Makhana received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2022; Bihar grows the bulk of India's makhana.
- Makhana — with ghee and gulab jamun — features in Bihar's dairy & food exports to the US and Canada.
- Shahi Litchi (Muzaffarpur) and Jardalu mango (Bhagalpur) are other Bihar GI produce.
POLITY Patna HC holds officials accountable, orders compensation
- A Patna HC bench held a District Magistrate-level action illegal and ordered ₹1 lakh compensation be realised from the responsible officials.
- The ruling reinforces the personal accountability of officers for unlawful administrative acts.
- The Patna High Court (established 1916) is the constitutional court for Bihar under Article 214.
POLITY SC: no criminal penalty for refusing the national song
- The Court read Articles 25 & 26 (freedom of conscience and religion) to bar compelled patriotic expression.
- It relied on Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala (1986), the classic 'National Anthem' free-conscience case.
- The matter arose from a challenge to a 2026 amendment prescribing criminal sanctions for non-compliance.
IR India drives UNSC bid & 'reformed multilateralism' at UNGA-81
- India joined the Partnership for Multilateralism (P4M), co-chairing with Australia, Brazil, Barbados and Kenya.
- It is bidding for a UNSC seat (2028-29 cycle), with regional competition noted.
- India flagged the Global South's '4F' crisis — fuel, food, fertiliser, finance — and urged reform of the UNSC and Bretton Woods bodies.
ECONOMY SEBI settles Hindenburg-linked Adani case for ₹1.5 crore
- Five Adani entities settled for a cumulative ~₹1.5 crore without admission or denial of the charges.
- The charges related to LODR (disclosure) norms and undisclosed related-party transactions.
- Settlements were made under SEBI Act / SCRA provisions, closing the matter.
SCI-TECH Canal-top solar offers land-free clean power; Bihar in top tier
- Canal-top PV (CTPV) needs no extra land; a Punjab project saved about 100 acres.
- 1 MW over the Narmada canal saves ~9 million litres of water a year by cutting evaporation.
- National CTPV/canal-bank potential is pegged near 131 GW, with Bihar, UP, Karnataka, AP and Punjab ranking high.
24 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar floods worsen: 47 lakh affected as major rivers breach danger mark
- About 47.33 lakh people affected across 15 districts including Bhagalpur, Patna, Saran, Vaishali, Katihar & Buxar.
- At Sultanganj (Bhagalpur) the Ganga was 2.12 m above the danger level; Patna's Gandhi Ghat crossed the 2016 record.
- Relief: 1,221 community kitchens, 15 camps (12,260 people), 1,876 boats, 48,400 dry-ration packets.
- 27 SDRF + 10 NDRF teams deployed; high discharge released from Kosi & Gandak barrages.
GEOGRAPHY Seven rivers above danger: mapping Bihar's swollen river system
- Above danger: Ganga, Kosi, Gandak, Bagmati, Burhi Gandak, Punpun & Ghaghra.
- North-bank (Himalayan) rivers: Kosi, Gandak, Bagmati, Burhi Gandak, Ghaghra — snow-fed, silt-heavy.
- South-bank (peninsular) river Punpun joins the Ganga near Fatuha, south of Patna.
- The Gandak enters India via Valmiki Nagar and meets the Ganga at Hajipur (Sonpur).
SOCIETY Two new state universities cleared for Patna and Begusarai
- Maa Sita Mahila University to come up in Patna (women's university).
- Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh Dinkar University approved for Begusarai.
- Dinkar, the Rashtrakavi (National Poet), hailed from Simaria, Begusarai; won the Jnanpith for Urvashi.
- Part of a larger cabinet package clearing 24 agendas.
POLITY Bihar Sports Policy 2026 approved with 'Win a Medal, Get a Job'
- 'Win a Medal, Get a Job' provision for medal winners at recognised events.
- Complements Bihar's investment in the Rajgir Sports Complex/Academy.
- Bihar hosted the Women's Asian Champions Trophy (Hockey) at Rajgir in 2024.
- Seeks to stem migration of Bihar's sporting talent to other states.
ECONOMY Rs 23,698 crore sanctioned for Bihar's Fourth Agriculture Roadmap
- Rs 23,698 crore for the Fourth Agriculture Roadmap.
- Rs 9,748 crore under PMKSY for irrigation infrastructure.
- Over Rs 198 crore to Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (salaries/pension).
- Focus on crop diversification — makhana, maize, litchi, vegetables & dairy.
POLITY Bihar Legislative Council polls: candidates named for graduate & teacher seats
- Seats include Patna & Tirhut graduate and Saran & Darbhanga teacher constituencies.
- Bihar's Legislative Council has 75 members — India's oldest such Council (since 1936).
- Members: 1/3 by MLAs, others by local bodies, graduates, teachers, plus Governor's nominees.
- MLC term is 6 years; the House is permanent (1/3 retire every 2 years).
HEALTH Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY completes eight years
- Provides Rs 5 lakh cover per family per year for secondary & tertiary hospitalisation.
- World's largest government-funded health assurance scheme.
- Under Ayushman Bharat, launched 2018; also includes Health & Wellness Centres.
- AB PM-JAY Vay Vandana extends cover to all citizens aged 70+.
ECONOMY Moody's lifts India's FY27 growth forecast to 7%; GIFT City rises in global index
- India's FY27 GDP growth forecast raised to 7% (from 6%).
- Inflation projected around 4.8% for the year.
- GIFT City climbed to 37th in the Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI).
- RBI kept the repo rate at 5.5% with a neutral stance in its latest review.
IR India-US hold talks on trade, tariffs and Russian crude
- Talks touched the Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act enabling tariffs on Russian-crude buyers.
- India defends energy security and diversified crude sourcing.
- Bilateral ties span trade, defence (Yudh Abhyas 2026) and technology.
- India stresses strategic autonomy in its foreign policy.
SCI-TECH ISRO-ESA pact extended to 2032; new radar facility for Assam
- ISRO-ESA cooperation extended to 8 January 2032; original pact from 2002.
- New areas: space weather, human & robotic exploration.
- ISTRAC to build an Advanced Radar Research Facility at Chandrapur, Assam.
- Strengthens satellite tracking, orbit determination & space-situational awareness.
REPORT UN Gender Snapshot 2026 flags weakening of equality institutions
- Released by UN Women and UN DESA.
- Key finding: 1 in 3 gender-equality institutions worldwide weakened in recent years.
- Tracks progress on SDG-5 (Gender Equality) of the 2030 Agenda.
- Flags slow progress in political representation and economic participation.
25 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar Cabinet clears 24 proposals: two new universities, sugar mill, livestock & health push
- Two new universities: Mata Sita Women's University, Patna and Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' University, Begusarai (Rs 15 crore each).
- Warisaliganj sugar mill (Nawada) on 99.39 acres with over Rs 500 crore investment - to aid Nawada, Nalanda, Sheikhpura, Jamui farmers.
- Mukhya Mantri Gaudhan Vikas Rinn Yojana (Rs 160 crore, 2026-29): 100% interest subsidy on cattle loans.
- Kosi-region dairy under Saat Nischay-3 (Rs 126 crore); e-SushrutNX health digitisation in 12 institutions (Rs 29.79 crore).
BIHAR CM orders long-term Kosi flood strategy: new barrage, silt management, double sheet piling
- Directed a new Kosi barrage and silt management as the core of the plan.
- Double sheet piling along the first 100-km high-risk stretch.
- Treat the basin as a multi-district river corridor - people, assets, connectivity.
- Push PM-KUSUM solarisation of agriculture feeders and state tube-wells.
- Kosi, the 'Sorrow of Bihar', is prone to channel-shifting and heavy silt load.
BIHAR Bihar floods: 47.33 lakh affected across 15 districts as Ganga tops 2016 record
- 47.33 lakh people hit across 15 districts (Bhagalpur, Patna, Saran, Vaishali, Katihar, Purnea).
- Ganga at Gandhi Ghat, Patna crossed its previous 2016 record level.
- Relief: 1,221 community kitchens, 15 camps (12,260 people), 1,876 boats.
- 27 SDRF + 10 NDRF teams deployed; embankment breaches in Bhagalpur.
- September rainfall 104.1 mm - about 27% above normal.
BIHAR Bihar fast-tracks Buxar-Bhagalpur Expressway and 2,400 MW Pirpainti thermal project
- Buxar-Bhagalpur 6-lane Greenfield Expressway: 348.196 km total, 336.205 km in Bihar.
- Pirpainti Thermal Power Project: 2,400 MW (3 x 800 MW), Bhagalpur.
- Embankment-road corridors advanced: Ganga-Ambika, Narayani, Vishwamitra.
- Executed via the state road-development corporation, with PM-KUSUM solar tube-wells.
BIHAR Fourth Agriculture Roadmap (Rs 23,698 cr) and 'Win a Medal, Get a Job' Sports Policy anchor Bihar growth
- Rs 23,698 crore for the Fourth Agriculture Roadmap; Rs 9,748 crore for irrigation under PMKSY.
- Rs 198 crore released to Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour; 22,000 Anganwadi posts being filled (ICDS).
- Sports Policy 2026: 'Win a Medal, Get a Job' government-job guarantee for medallists.
- Focus crops include makhana, litchi, maize - Bihar leads India's makhana output.
BIHAR Patna Metro Phase-1 (30.91 km, Rs 13,365 cr) advances; priority stretch already running
- Priority corridor (3.2 km, Zero Mile-ISBT) opened in October 2025.
- Phase-1: 30.91 km, 24 stations across two lines, Rs 13,365.77 crore.
- Full Phase-1 targeted for 2030; about 27.71 km still under construction.
- Executed through a central-state model with major EPC contractors.
ECONOMY Make in India at 12: manufacturing GVA share rises to 15.6%, non-petro exports at $388 bn
- Manufacturing GVA share: 14.6% (2022-23) to 15.6% (2025-26).
- Non-petroleum exports: $253.5 bn (2014-15) to $388.3 bn (2025-26).
- PLI schemes: Rs 2.4 lakh crore investment; top 5 sectors ~83%.
- India's global export share stays flat at about 1.7% since 2013.
ECONOMY RBI steps up liquidity management: Rs 71,971 cr absorbed as surplus tops Rs 4.92 lakh cr
- Absorbed Rs 71,971 crore via overnight VRRR.
- System surplus liquidity at about Rs 4.92 lakh crore.
- OMO sales of Rs 1 lakh crore planned (Rs 50k + Rs 25k + Rs 25k).
- Aim: align overnight money-market rates with the repo rate.
POLITY CEC-removal row revives debate on Election Commission's independence
- The CEC is removable only like a Supreme Court judge - on 'proved misbehaviour or incapacity'.
- Removal needs a special majority in both Houses of Parliament.
- No CEC has ever been removed in India.
- The 2023 appointment law gives the executive a 2:1 majority on the selection panel.
IR G20 Energy meeting in Houston: four consensus outcomes; India deepens critical-mineral ties
- Outcomes: scaling LPG, faster permitting, a water-reuse initiative, and critical-mineral supply chains.
- India is part of the US-led Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) since 2023.
- Critical minerals (lithium, cobalt) are vital for clean energy and EVs.
SCI-TECH First known AI-agent breach of a government portal spotlights cyber-reporting timelines
- An AI agent accessed non-public files on a government statistics portal.
- A roughly two-month gap in reporting the breach drew scrutiny.
- India's CERT-In mandates incident reporting within 6 hours (2022 rules).
- Raises questions on autonomous-agent governance and audit trails.
REPORT NSO Domestic Tourism Survey 2025-26: pilgrimage trips lead at 48%, UP top destination
- Pilgrimage/religious trips make up 48% of overnight travel.
- Health/medical trips had the highest average spend (Rs 29,454 rural / Rs 41,649 urban).
- Uttar Pradesh is the top destination (15.7% of visitor-trips).
- Sample: 2,46,113 households across 24,778 first-stage units.
28 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar makes computer education mandatory in all government schools
- Rollout from the next academic year (2027) across all government schools.
- Staffing model: one computer instructor for a cluster of 2-3 schools.
- Announced at a PTM focused on NIPUN goals — foundational reading, writing & numeracy.
- CM's message: children must be connected with modern technology now.
ENVIRONMENT Nepal rain swells Gandak & Kosi; 17 north Bihar districts on high flood alert
- Gandak at Valmikinagar barrage: 4.24 lakh cusecs (27 Sept, 11 am), expected near 5 lakh.
- Kosi at Birpur barrage: 3.13 lakh cusecs on 26 Sept — season's highest.
- 17 districts incl. W & E Champaran, Gopalganj, Saharsa, Supaul, Madhepura, Darbhanga, Khagaria.
- NDRF/SDRF deployed; boats & life-jackets stocked; disaster helpline 1070.
BIHAR 354-km four-lane road planned along both Kosi embankments
- Eastern embankment ~124 km: Birpur (Supaul) → Koparia (Saharsa) via Nauhatta, Mahishi, Simri Bakhtiyarpur.
- Western embankment ~230 km: Birpur → Kursela (Katihar) via Madhepur, Kiratpur, Alauli, Naugachhia.
- Links 5 NHs — NH-27, NH-31, NH-131, NH-231, NH-527A — and the Gorakhpur–Siliguri Expressway.
- Benefits 8 districts; land need about 94,200 acres (34,700 E + 59,500 W).
BIHAR New double-line Mokama rail bridge over Ganga to open on 5 October
- Bridge length about 1.86 km; total project about 14 km; cost about ₹1,700 crore.
- Train speed up to 90 km/h vs 40-50 km/h on the ageing single-line Rajendra Setu.
- Serves Hathidah, Rampur Dumra, Simaria, Barauni; eases the Howrah–Delhi corridor.
- Executed by East Central Railway (HQ Hajipur).
BIHAR Rajgir moves closer to hosting the 2030 FIH Women's Hockey World Cup
- Talks involved Sports Secretary Deepak Anand and Hockey India Secretary-General Bhola Nath Singh.
- Rajgir hosted the Women's Asian Champions Trophy 2024 and the Men's Asia Cup 2025.
- Venue: Rajgir Sports Complex (Nalanda district), home to Bihar Sports University.
- Slogan: 'The world's daughters should come to Bihar'.
POLITY Bihar DGP Vinay Kumar takes VRS, appointed State Chief Information Commissioner
- Appointed Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) of Bihar.
- Preeta Verma (1991 batch) continues as Acting DGP.
- Kumar had been on medical leave earlier in September.
IR Russia backs India & Brazil for permanent UNSC seats, rejects Germany & Japan
- Mauritius backed the G4 & L.69 positions and India's candidature.
- Portugal supported permanent representation for Africa, Brazil & India.
- China has not endorsed India's bid — any P5 member can block reform.
- UNSC last expanded in 1965 (11 → 15 members).
ENVIRONMENT UNGA declaration: rising seas will not erase statehood or maritime zones
- Baselines stay fixed even if coastlines retreat.
- Protects Tuvalu, Fiji, Vanuatu and other small island states.
- It is non-binding; no new adaptation finance or relocation plan.
- India link: Lakshadweep, Andaman & Nicobar, Sundarbans and a large EEZ.
POLITY Lok Sabha crosses 46 days after sine die adjournment without prorogation
- Longer gaps only in the Bofors years: 76 days (1987) and 61 days (1989).
- Previous high since 2014: 28 days (2015).
- An un-prorogued House can be recalled by the Speaker without fresh summons.
- Reports suggest a possible October sitting for amendments on delimitation & women's reservation.
POLITY Voter deletions via ECINet revive debate: is the right to vote statutory or fundamental?
- Kuldip Nayar v. UoI (2006): voting is a statutory right.
- Rajbala v. Haryana (2015): called it a constitutional right.
- Anoop Baranwal (2023): Justice Ajay Rastogi linked it to Arts. 19(1)(a) & 21.
- Deletion also hit welfare — Goa's Mediclaim scheme uses the roll for eligibility.
SOCIETY 20th Asian Games: India's tally reaches 37 medals after athletics & squash haul
- Silver: Abhay Singh & Anahat Singh (squash), Sarvesh Kushare (high jump), Ancy Sojan (long jump).
- Bronze: Tejaswin Shankar (decathlon), Harita Bhadra, Parul Chaudhary (3000m steeplechase — national record 9:08.67).
- Golds so far include men's & women's kabaddi and women's cricket.
- Top of table: China (205 medals), Japan, South Korea.
29 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Gandak in spate: CM Samrat Choudhary surveys flood-hit north Bihar
- Districts surveyed: Vaishali, Saran, East Champaran, Gopalganj.
- Gandak at Dumaria Ghat (Gopalganj) ran about 1.5 m above the danger mark; a further 50 cm rise was forecast.
- Orders: night patrolling, SDRF–NDRF coordination, relief camps and community kitchens.
- Deputy CM Vijay Kumar Chaudhary accompanied the CM on the survey.
POLITY India's first Victim Rights Centre opens in Patna
- Runs as a 12-month pilot in Patna district; a single-window for legal aid, counselling and case tracking.
- Links police, hospitals, Child Welfare Committees, One Stop Centres; cases follow fixed, monitored timelines.
- Also launched: a Transgender Helpline and multi-utility vehicles for legal-aid outreach.
- Present: Patna HC Chief Justice V. Kameswar Rao and BSLSA Executive Chairman Justice Sudhir Singh.
BIHAR Bihar cabinet backs dairy, wetland fisheries and Warisaliganj sugar mill revival
- ₹195.28 cr for a Siwan wetlands aquaculture project; ₹126 cr for Kosi-region dairy (2026-28).
- Mukhya Mantri Gaudhan Vikas Rinn Yojana: ₹160 cr over 2026-27 to 2028-29.
- 99.39 acres of Warisaliganj Sugar Mill (Nawada) land transferred; ₹500 cr+ investment expected.
- ₹29.79 cr for e-SushrutNX hospital IT in 12 institutions; ₹15 cr each for Mata Sita Women's Univ. (Patna) and Dinkar Univ. (Begusarai).
SOCIETY Pitru Paksha Mela 2026 at Gayaji goes tech-enabled; Vishnupad corridor in pipeline
- Tech tools: QR-code wristbands, AI crowd alerts, facial recognition for missing persons.
- Free stay for 75,348 pilgrims; 70 health camps; 150 free e-rickshaws; Jeevika Didi ki Rasoi meals at ₹30.
- Cabinet (15 Sept) approved a ₹3,516.05 cr Vishnupad corridor on the Kashi Vishwanath model.
- Of this, ₹2,520 cr is for the corridor and ₹996.05 cr for Son–Falgu river linking.
BIHAR Patna Metro: Danapur–Patliputra stretch deadline moved to Sept 2030
- Section is about 70% complete; stations at Danapur, Saguna Mor, RPS Mor under work.
- Full network: 32.5 km on two corridors; services run on 6.2 km (ISBT, Zero Mile, Bhoothnath, Malahi Pakri).
- Khemnichak–Mithapur (3.1 km elevated) expected by June 2027.
BIHAR City gas reaches 28 of Bihar's 38 districts
- Officials were asked to speed up expansion in the remaining districts, focusing on apartments and housing colonies.
- Darbhanga got its first domestic PNG connection this month under a PSU drive.
- PNG cuts LPG cylinder dependence and is cleaner than solid fuels.
ECONOMY Supreme Court refuses to stay MDR on UPI payments above ₹2,000
- Effective 15 Oct 2026: 0.4% on merchant payments above ₹2,000, capped at ₹300.
- Essential sectors (railways, fuel, telecom, insurance, agriculture): flat ₹5 per transaction.
- P2P transfers and small payments stay free; Centre says it is a settlement fee, not a tax.
POLITY SC extends three-language exam exemption to Class VI CBSE students
- Circular: Classes VI–IX to study three languages, at least two native Indian.
- Relief: students keep studying the third language but face no mandatory board exam in it and no hold on promotion.
- Petitioners cited a shortage of trained teachers and textbooks; Centre claimed 99% schools were ready.
ECONOMY National Highway network grows 61% to 1,46,572 km
- Construction pace: 11.6 km/day (2013-14) to 34 km/day – nearly 3x.
- Bharatmala: 26,425 km awarded, 22,590 km built of 34,800 km planned (Mar 2026).
- Delhi–Mumbai Expressway (1,386 km) is the longest access-controlled corridor.
SCI-TECH India's first LNG-powered train flagged off from Sabarmati
- LNG replaces up to 40% of diesel; 2,200-litre tank per power car, range about 222 km.
- Over 2,000 km of field trials done before launch.
- Kavach extended to 404 km in Ahmedabad division (₹411 cr); new WAG-12 shed (₹700 cr).
POLITY J&K Assembly passes resolution seeking restoration of full statehood
- BJP members walked out during voting and moved a no-confidence motion against the Speaker.
- The resolution is advisory; only Parliament can change the status by law.
- J&K has been a UT with legislature since 31 Oct 2019.
30 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →ENVIRONMENT Gandak crosses all-time high of 91.25 m; embankments breached as North Bihar floods worsen
- Valmikinagar barrage released 5,43,500 cusecs on 28 Sept (2024 peak: 5,62,500), yet the level beat the 2024 record of 90.90 m by 0.35 m.
- Two breaches in the Champaran embankment (left bank) at Khairatwa and Fuliyakhad, West Champaran; one breach on the right bank in Kushinagar (UP).
- 169 seepage/piping points plugged; engineer teams deployed at Bagaha, Bettiah, Motihari and Gopalganj.
- At risk: West & East Champaran, Gopalganj, Saran, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali; CM Samrat Choudhary made an aerial survey on 28 Sept.
- Earlier September floods had hit 50.49 lakh people across 15 districts.
POLITY DGP Vinay Kumar selected as Bihar CIC; Preeta Verma first woman acting DGP
- Selection committee headed by CM Samrat Choudhary, with LoP Tejashwi Yadav and Deputy CM Vijay Kumar Choudhary.
- Previous CIC Tripurari Sharan completed his term on 31 July 2026.
- Vinay Kumar had been DGP since 13 Dec 2024; his superannuation was due on 12 Dec 2026.
- State Information Commission: 1 SCIC + up to 10 SICs; term 3 years or till 65, no reappointment.
- For a regular DGP, the state sends a panel to UPSC, which shortlists 3 officers (Prakash Singh case, 2006).
SOCIETY BPSC TRE-4 expanded: 832 more posts take teacher vacancies to 33,220
- Original split: Primary 3,847, Middle 8,563, Secondary 3,877, Higher Secondary 16,101.
- Largest subject pool: Chemistry 3,695 (HS), then Physics 1,758 and English 1,321.
- BPSC got zero applications for 218 HoD posts in government polytechnics even after reopening the window.
- Bihar Board 2026 marksheets & certificates will be available on DigiLocker.
BIHAR Samrat Cabinet meets today; scheme watch from the 23 Sept meeting
- A Women's University in Patna named after Goddess Sita; Ramdhari Singh Dinkar University, Begusarai (₹15 crore approval).
- CM Godhan Vikas Loan Scheme: 100% interest subsidy on bank loans to livestock farmers (outlay ₹1,600+ crore).
- New sugar mill at Warisaliganj (Nawada) — ₹500+ crore; Kosi-region dairy: 8 projects, 500 new cooperative societies (₹126.07 crore).
- 50 drones for Bihar Police (₹24.5 crore); a Bihar Water Resources Development Corporation to be formed.
- Early release of eligible prisoners on Gandhi Jayanti (2 Oct).
BIHAR Buxar gets its first piped natural gas supply; PNG network now in 28 districts
- Bihar's PNG distribution network now covers 28 districts.
- Earlier launches include Bettiah (West Champaran) and Saharsa.
- City gas licences are awarded by PNGRB under the PNGRB Act, 2006.
- Trunk supply comes from the Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga (Jagdishpur–Haldia–Bokaro–Dhamra) pipeline built by GAIL.
BIHAR Rajgir rolls out single-ticket integrated parking at four heritage-tourism spots
- Venuvan — bamboo grove gifted to the Buddha by King Bimbisara.
- Son Bhandar — twin rock-cut caves with Jain associations (c. 3rd–4th century CE).
- Rajagriha (Rajgir) was the first capital of Magadha under the Haryanka dynasty.
- First Buddhist Council (c. 483 BCE) at Saptaparni cave, under Ajatashatru, presided by Mahakassapa.
ECONOMY Kandla, JNPA, Paradip and Mundra notified as India's first 'mega ports'
- Deendayal (Kandla, Gujarat), JNPA (Nhava Sheva, Maharashtra), Paradip (Odisha), Mundra (Gujarat).
- Mundra is the only non-major, privately operated port in the list; Paradip is the only one on the east coast.
- Criteria (issued 30 July 2026) are based on annual cargo volume, not ownership; status valid for 5 years.
- India has 12 major ports and 200+ non-major ports.
ENVIRONMENT Sagarmala Finance opens India's first blue bond for maritime projects
- Tenor 10 years; rated AA+.
- SMFCL — India's first maritime-focused NBFC, set up in June 2025.
- Use of funds: maritime lending, greenfield ports and coastal roads.
- Borrowing plan: ₹25,000 crore overall, ₹8,000 crore in the first year.
HEALTH Supreme Court flags 10-fold markup on cancer drug as 'broad daylight dacoity'
- About 82% of medicines are non-scheduled — outside the DPCO price ceiling.
- DPCO caps ~1,000 scheduled medicines, against 60,000+ brands in the market.
- Non-scheduled drug prices can rise at most 10% a year, but launch prices are free.
- PILs: Kishan Chand Jain (2023) and a 2026 petition on trade margins.
ECONOMY Edible oil import duties slashed ahead of festive season
- Crude palm & soybean: 10% → 5%; crude sunflower: 10% → 0%.
- Refined palm & soybean: 32.5% → 27.5%; refined sunflower: 32.5% → 22.5%.
- Effective duty (with cess): crude palm/soy 16.5% → 11%; crude sunflower 16.5% → 5.5%.
- India imports about two-thirds of its edible oil — from Indonesia, Malaysia and Argentina, among others.
REPORT India climbs to 31st in WEF Travel & Tourism Development Index 2026
- Top 5: Japan, USA, Spain, Australia, France.
- 92% of economies (101 of 110) improved their scores since 2024.
- India's strengths: price competitiveness, cultural resources (top-10), business travel.
- Gaps: tourist services, general infrastructure, sustainability and workforce skills.
Prelims rapid-fire — 132 facts
| International Day of Charity is observed on 5 September, marking Mother Teresa's death anniversary (1997). |
| Teachers' Day (5 Sept) honours Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, India's 1st Vice-President and 2nd President. |
| The RBI repo rate stands at 5.25% with a neutral stance; the inflation target is 4% (+/- 2%). |
| Mithila Makhana received its GI tag in 2022; the ICAR-NRC makhana centre is at Darbhanga. |
| The Indrapuri Barrage on the Sone river lies in Rohtas district, Bihar. |
| BioE3 Policy (2024) targets a Rs 20 lakh crore bioeconomy by 2030. |
| Ganga crossed its previous all-time HFL of 50.52 m (2016) at Patna's Gandhi Ghat. |
| ISRO's EOS-05 rode GSLV-F17 — the 19th GSLV mission and 107th launch from Sriharikota. |
| National Accounts base year revised 2011-12 → 2022-23; Producer Price Index (PPI) replaces WPI. |
| Sone river pact: Bihar gets 5.75 MAF, Jharkhand 2 MAF of the 7.75 MAF 1973 Bansagar share. |
| 26th SCO Summit was held at Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan); Pakistan chairs the bloc in 2026-27. |
| Supreme Court asked states to raise district judge retirement age from 60 to 62 amid 5.18 crore pending cases. |
| Ganga's all-time HFL at Patna's Gandhi Ghat is now 50.53 m (old 50.52 m, 2016). |
| The Kosi is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' and originates in Nepal/Tibet. |
| Mithila Makhana received its GI tag in 2022; the Makhana Board is based in Bihar. |
| EOS-05 orbits at ~36,000 km in a geostationary orbit. |
| The New Development Bank (BRICS) is headquartered in Shanghai. |
| The Strait of Hormuz links the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman. |
| A global credit-rating agency upgraded India's sovereign rating from BBB+ to A- (2 Sept 2026). |
| ISRO launched earth-observation satellite EOS-05 aboard the GSLV (4 Sept 2026). |
| India logged 7.8% GDP growth in Q1 FY27, the fastest among major economies. |
| 8 September is observed as International Literacy Day (UNESCO). |
| Bihar's makhana farmers get up to Rs 72,750/hectare subsidy under the development scheme. |
| Air Vice Marshal Shakti Sharma became the first non-medical woman two-star officer in India's defence forces. |
| Kosi — 'Sorrow of Bihar', originates in the Nepal Himalayas, notorious for shifting course. |
| Mithila Makhana got its GI tag in 2022; National Makhana Board HQ is in Bihar (2025). |
| The DAC, chaired by the Defence Minister, grants 'Acceptance of Necessity' for procurement. |
| Coastal Local Area Bank = first LAB in the RBI Second Schedule (RBI Act, 1934). |
| India's UNESCO tentative tally = 73 (53 Cultural, 17 Natural, 3 Mixed). |
| Bharat 6G Mission targets India as a global 6G hub by 2030. |
| Ganga HFL at Patna's Gandhi Ghat (previous record): 50.52 m (Aug 2016); now 50.53 m. |
| DRDO SHIELD: S-band High-Power Microwave system using Gallium Nitride (GaN), peak field min 3 kV/m. |
| Army AASHVAST lab (DG EME, Delhi): detects Chinese components in drones via an air-gapped, read-only system. |
| PM-SETU: new ITI-cluster investment Rs 735.70 cr; cumulative Rs 2,171 cr across 9 clusters. |
| GalaxEye (Bengaluru, 2021): first Indian startup with a US patent for OptoSAR. |
| New lichen *Buellia maharajensis* found in Mathikettan Shola NP, Kerala (Western Ghats). |
| Mithila Makhana (fox nut, *Euryale ferox*) of Bihar carries a GI tag (granted 2022). |
| The Buxar–Bhagalpur Expressway (336 km) crosses Arwal, Jehanabad, Nalanda and Jamui. |
| Proposed Article 371(K) for Ladakh mirrors 371A (Nagaland) and 371G (Mizoram). |
| India's Q1 FY27 GDP grew 7.8%, computed on the new 2022-23 base-year series. |
| UNCCD COP17 was hosted by Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia — theme 'Restoring Land, Restoring Hope'. |
| CE20 is ISRO's cryogenic upper-stage engine for LVM3, hot-tested at 220 kN. |
| Mithila Makhana got its GI tag in 2022; the Board's HQ is at Purnia. |
| The Kosi is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'; it rises in Nepal/Tibet. |
| ULPIN under Bhu-Aadhaar is a 14-digit land-parcel ID. |
| BRICS' New Development Bank (NDB) is headquartered in Shanghai. |
| SASCI gives states 50-year interest-free capital-investment loans. |
| The LVM3 cryogenic upper stage is powered by the CE20 engine. |
| Kosi river is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'; it originates in Nepal/Tibet. |
| Bihar Agricultural University is located at Sabour (Bhagalpur). |
| ISA headquarters: Gurugram; founded with France at CoP-21, 2015. |
| T+0 means trade and settlement on the same day; India moved to T+1 in 2023. |
| GST Council is a constitutional body under Article 279A. |
| Engineer's Day (15 Sep) marks the birth anniversary of M. Visvesvaraya. |
| Vishnupad Temple stands on the Falgu river at Gaya. |
| Mithila Makhana received its GI tag in 2022. |
| The Kosi is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'. |
| RBI's inflation target: 4% (±2%), measured on CPI. |
| 18th BRICS Summit venue: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. |
| Art. 243ZL (Part IX-B) deals with co-operative societies. |
| 17 September — World Patient Safety Day (WHO); India also marks Vishwakarma Puja. |
| The Kosi river is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'; it originates in Nepal/the Himalayas. |
| Mithila Makhana received its GI tag in 2022. |
| India's CPI base year has been revised to 2024=100. |
| BRICS was founded in 2009 (South Africa joined 2010); this is India's 4th presidency. |
| The Vishnupad Temple, Gaya, stands on the banks of the Falgu river. |
| Mithila Makhana holds a GI tag; a Makhana Board is being set up to boost farmers' income in Bihar. |
| Patna Metro's first (priority) section on the Blue Line is operational, a milestone in the city's urban transport. |
| World Ozone Day is observed on 16 September (2026 theme focuses on global action for a cooler planet). |
| International Day of Democracy falls on 15 September. |
| Kosi is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'; the Kosi-Mechi link aims at flood relief and irrigation. |
| India's repo rate stands at 5.25%; the next RBI MPC meeting is scheduled for October 2026. |
| The Kosi river is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'. |
| Mithila Makhana received its GI tag in 2022. |
| Global Gender Gap Index 2026: India ranked 131st; Iceland tops the list. |
| BRICS now has 11 members after its recent expansion. |
| Gaganyaan's uncrewed flight will carry the humanoid 'Vyommitra'. |
| The GST Council is a constitutional body under Article 279A. |
| Cheetah count in India rises to 56 (36 born in India); Kuno NP, Madhya Pradesh is the hub. |
| PM handed out 51,000+ appointment letters at the 20th Rozgar Mela. |
| Marathi film 'Gondhal' is India's official entry for the Oscars 2027 (Best International Feature). |
| HAL delivered 2 LCA (Tejas) twin-seat trainers to the IAF; Dhruv NG choppers inducted. |
| Bihar ranks 1st in India for litchi, makhana & bottle-gourd output. |
| Himalayan Monal (Uttarakhand's state bird) alters its calls under tourism noise — study at Kedarnath WLS. |
| Mithila Makhana carries a GI tag; the National Makhana Board is based in Bihar. |
| Patna Metro first phase started operations in October 2025. |
| RBI repo rate is 5.25% with a neutral monetary-policy stance. |
| Russia supplied 51% of India's crude oil imports in July 2026. |
| The Kosi is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'; the Kosi-Mechi link aids flood control. |
| Shahi Litchi (Muzaffarpur) and Katarni rice (Bhagalpur) are Bihar GI products. |
| Bihar Vidhan Parishad strength: 75 members (permanent House) |
| Mithila Makhana GI tag year: 2022 |
| India–NZ FTA in force from: 20 October 2026 |
| UPI Tap & Pay PIN-less limit: ₹5,000 |
| Ayurveda Day (fixed date): 23 September |
| Asian Games 2026 host city: Aichi-Nagoya, Japan |
| Battle of Haifa (23 September 1918): Indian cavalry (Jodhpur, Mysore, Hyderabad Lancers) freed Haifa in WWI — marked as Haifa Day. |
| UP Gangsters Act, 1986: SC flagged that defining a 'crime' cannot be left to executive discretion — the Article 20(1) legality principle. |
| Critical minerals: India is eyeing lithium & nickel processing (including a Mali venture) to build its EV-battery ecosystem. |
| Special Intensive Revision (SIR): SC found ~33 lakh Delhi voter notices 'mechanically issued'; disposal deadline 29 October. |
| Shahi Litchi (Muzaffarpur) and Jardalu mango (Bhagalpur) carry GI tags — frequent BPSC Prelims picks. |
| BIT/ISDS: India's recent investment treaties push disputes to domestic arbitration, omitting investor-state (ISDS) clauses. |
| Kosi — called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' — is a north-bank Himalayan river prone to shifting course. |
| Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY was launched on 23 September 2018; cover of Rs 5 lakh per family/year. |
| Bihar has 75 Legislative Council seats — the oldest state Council in India (1936). |
| GIFT City, India's first IFSC, is regulated by the IFSCA at Gandhinagar. |
| Bihar produces about 85%+ of India's makhana; a National Makhana Board was announced for the state. |
| ISTRAC, ISRO's tracking network, is headquartered in Bengaluru; ESA has 22 member states. |
| Mithila Makhana carries a GI tag; Bihar leads India's makhana output. |
| World Rhino Day (22 Sep): Greater One-Horned Rhino - IUCN Vulnerable, WPA Schedule I. |
| PM-KUSUM solarises farm feeders and tube-wells (Ministry: MNRE). |
| NSO Tourism Survey: Uttar Pradesh top destination at 15.7% of trips. |
| Kosi = the 'Sorrow of Bihar', an antecedent Himalayan river. |
| CERT-In cyber-incident reporting deadline in India: 6 hours. |
| Vishnupad Temple Corridor (Gaya) — Bihar cabinet gave ₹2,520 crore approval on 15 Sept, modelled on Kashi Vishwanath Corridor. |
| Son–Falgu river-linking project sanctioned ₹996.05 crore; Makhana Development Scheme 2026-27: ₹89.79 crore. |
| Poompuhar (Mayiladuthurai, TN) — undersea finds incl. a West Asian 'torpedo jar'; port of the early Cholas (Sangam age). |
| Incendiamoeba cascadensis — amoeba replicating at 63°C, a record for eukaryotes. |
| Mann Ki Baat (138th episode, 27 Sept) — hailed pygmy hog recovery (~190) in Assam & Modhera solar village. |
| COP31 — Antalya, Türkiye (Nov 2026), with Australia leading negotiations. |
| Makhana: Bihar grows 85%+ of India's makhana on 41,000 ha (2025-26); Mithila Makhana has a GI tag; target 82,000 ha by 2030-31. |
| Chess Olympiad: 46th edition at Samarkand, Uzbekistan (15–27 Sept): India won Silver (Open) and Bronze (Women). |
| Ex VARUNA: 24th India–France naval exercise; INS Trishul reached Toulon. Began 1993, named VARUNA in 2001. |
| DDU-GKY: Completed 12 years on 25 Sept (launched 2014); 18.47 lakh trained, 12.43 lakh placed; age 15–35. |
| FASTag Pass: FASTag Annual Pass crossed 1 crore passes since its Aug 2025 launch. |
| World Heart Day: Observed on 29 Sept every year to raise awareness on cardiovascular disease. |
| CJI Surya Kant opened India's first Victim Rights Centre at BSLSA, Patna on 26 Sept — a 12-month pilot. |
| Forest officials at Sasaram (Rohtas) seized ~10 kg of Indian pangolin scales — a Schedule I species (WPA, 1972). |
| Asian Games 2026 (Aichi–Nagoya): India won kabaddi gold in both men's (40–34) and women's (37–34) finals vs Iran. |
| Paradip is the only mega port on India's east coast; Mundra the only private one. |
| World's first sovereign blue bond: Seychelles, 2018. |
| Bihar's two UNESCO sites: Mahabodhi Temple (2002) and Nalanda Mahavihara (2016). |
Data points of the period
7.8%
India Real GDP Growth - Q1 FY2026-27
Real GDP rose 7.8% (nominal 10.3%) in April-June 2026, computed on the new 2022-23 base year - among the fastest for a major economy despite global headwinds.
Real GDP rose 7.8% (nominal 10.3%) in April-June 2026, computed on the new 2022-23 base year - among the fastest for a major economy despite global headwinds.
₹9,169 crore
Bihar's 16th Finance Commission grant to Urban Local Bodies (FY2026-27 to 2030-31)
Approved by the State Cabinet as basic + performance grants for all municipal corporations — among the largest devolutions to Bihar's urban bodies, aimed at water, sanitation and civic infrastructure.
Approved by the State Cabinet as basic + performance grants for all municipal corporations — among the largest devolutions to Bihar's urban bodies, aimed at water, sanitation and civic infrastructure.
₹9.92 lakh cr
Bihar's economy crosses ₹9.92 lakh crore
GSDP (current prices) in the Economic Survey 2025-26; real growth 8.6% (above the national average); per-capita GSDP ₹76,490.
GSDP (current prices) in the Economic Survey 2025-26; real growth 8.6% (above the national average); per-capita GSDP ₹76,490.
GSDP Rs 9.91 lakh cr | 14.9% growth
Bihar's Economy (Economic Survey 2025-26)
Bihar's GSDP touched Rs 9,91,997 crore (2024-25, current prices), growing 14.9% against India's 12.0%; per-capita income rose to Rs 76,490. Sectoral share of GSVA: services 54.8%, industry 26.8%, agriculture 18.3%.
Bihar's GSDP touched Rs 9,91,997 crore (2024-25, current prices), growing 14.9% against India's 12.0%; per-capita income rose to Rs 76,490. Sectoral share of GSVA: services 54.8%, industry 26.8%, agriculture 18.3%.
≈ 85% of India's makhana — India ≈ 90% of world output
Bihar's Makhana Dominance
Mithila–Kosi belt; GI-tagged Mithila Makhana (2022); National Makhana Board set up in 2025; ₹476-cr scheme across 9 districts.
Mithila–Kosi belt; GI-tagged Mithila Makhana (2022); National Makhana Board set up in 2025; ₹476-cr scheme across 9 districts.
7.8%
India Q1 FY27 GDP growth
India's real GDP grew 7.8% in Q1 FY27 (Apr-Jun 2026), up from 6.9% a year earlier and above the RBI's 7% projection — the fastest among major economies.
India's real GDP grew 7.8% in Q1 FY27 (Apr-Jun 2026), up from 6.9% a year earlier and above the RBI's 7% projection — the fastest among major economies.
7.8%
India Real GDP growth — Q1 FY27 (Apr–Jun 2026)
Up from 6.9% a year earlier and above the RBI's ~7.0% estimate; led by manufacturing and services, on the new 2022-23 base-year series.
Up from 6.9% a year earlier and above the RBI's ~7.0% estimate; led by manufacturing and services, on the new 2022-23 base-year series.
₹9.92 lakh crore
Bihar GSDP (2024-25)
Real growth 8.6% and nominal 13.1% — outpacing the national average; services are 54.8% of GSDP and per-capita income is ₹40,973 (constant prices).
Real growth 8.6% and nominal 13.1% — outpacing the national average; services are 54.8% of GSDP and per-capita income is ₹40,973 (constant prices).
14.9%
Bihar GSDP growth (Economic Survey 2025-26)
Bihar's economy expanded 14.9% in 2024-25 (current prices) — faster than India's 12.0%. GSDP reached about ₹9.92 lakh crore; per-capita income rose to ₹76,490. Services lead at 54.8% of GSDP, industry 26.8%, agriculture 18.3%.
Bihar's economy expanded 14.9% in 2024-25 (current prices) — faster than India's 12.0%. GSDP reached about ₹9.92 lakh crore; per-capita income rose to ₹76,490. Services lead at 54.8% of GSDP, industry 26.8%, agriculture 18.3%.
4.82%
India Retail Inflation (CPI) — August 2026
Up from 4.44% in July; food inflation at 5.95%. Still within the RBI's 4% (±2%) tolerance band, even as wholesale (WPI) inflation ran far higher at 9.92%.
Up from 4.44% in July; food inflation at 5.95%. Still within the RBI's 4% (±2%) tolerance band, even as wholesale (WPI) inflation ran far higher at 9.92%.
14.9%
Bihar's economic growth (2025-26 Economic Survey)
GSDP growth at current prices — ahead of India's 12.0%. State GSDP ₹9.92 lakh crore; per-capita income ₹76,490 (still ~31.7% of the national average).
GSDP growth at current prices — ahead of India's 12.0%. State GSDP ₹9.92 lakh crore; per-capita income ₹76,490 (still ~31.7% of the national average).
4.82%
India CPI (retail) inflation — August 2026
Up from 4.45% in July; food inflation at 5.95% and core near 4.2%. The RBI held the repo rate at 5.25% (neutral stance); next MPC review is due in October 2026.
Up from 4.45% in July; food inflation at 5.95% and core near 4.2%. The RBI held the repo rate at 5.25% (neutral stance); next MPC review is due in October 2026.
5.50%
RBI Repo Rate (held)
The RBI has kept the policy repo rate at 5.50% with a neutral stance. Real GDP is projected at 6.8% (FY26) and 6.6% (FY27), with CPI inflation around 2.6% (FY26). GST 2.0 process reforms head to the Council on 7 October 2026.
The RBI has kept the policy repo rate at 5.50% with a neutral stance. Real GDP is projected at 6.8% (FY26) and 6.6% (FY27), with CPI inflation around 2.6% (FY26). GST 2.0 process reforms head to the Council on 7 October 2026.
14.9% vs 12.0%
Bihar's economy grows faster than the nation
Bihar's GSDP grew 14.9% at current prices in 2025-26 against India's ~12.0%, crossing ₹9.92 lakh crore. Yet per-capita income (₹76,490) stays well below the national average, and agriculture still holds 54% of jobs for only 18% of output — a growth-with-gaps story.
Bihar's GSDP grew 14.9% at current prices in 2025-26 against India's ~12.0%, crossing ₹9.92 lakh crore. Yet per-capita income (₹76,490) stays well below the national average, and agriculture still holds 54% of jobs for only 18% of output — a growth-with-gaps story.
Repo 5.25% | CPI 4.82% | Core 4.2%
India's Real Policy Rate Turns Modestly Positive
With retail inflation (CPI) at 4.82% in August 2026 and the RBI repo rate at 5.25% under a neutral stance, the real policy rate is mildly positive. Food inflation stood at 5.95% and bank credit growth at 19.1%.
With retail inflation (CPI) at 4.82% in August 2026 and the RBI repo rate at 5.25% under a neutral stance, the real policy rate is mildly positive. Food inflation stood at 5.95% and bank credit growth at 19.1%.
80%
MAKHANA — BIHAR'S GLOBAL EDGE
India grows about 80% of the world's makhana (fox nut), overwhelmingly in Bihar's Mithila region; the new National Makhana Board scheme carries a ₹476.03 crore outlay for 2025-26 to 2030-31.
India grows about 80% of the world's makhana (fox nut), overwhelmingly in Bihar's Mithila region; the new National Makhana Board scheme carries a ₹476.03 crore outlay for 2025-26 to 2030-31.
₹9.92 lakh crore
Size of Bihar's economy (GSDP, current prices, 2024-25)
Bihar's GSDP grew 8.6% in real terms in 2024-25 — faster than India's 6.5% — even as per-capita income (₹76,490) stayed among the country's lowest. Secondary-sector growth of 11.1% signals a gradual industrial pickup.
Bihar's GSDP grew 8.6% in real terms in 2024-25 — faster than India's 6.5% — even as per-capita income (₹76,490) stayed among the country's lowest. Secondary-sector growth of 11.1% signals a gradual industrial pickup.
47.33 lakh people
Bihar flood impact
affected across 15 districts; relief includes 1,221 community kitchens, 1,876 boats and 27 SDRF + 10 NDRF teams as the Ganga, Kosi & Gandak stay above the danger mark.
affected across 15 districts; relief includes 1,221 community kitchens, 1,876 boats and 27 SDRF + 10 NDRF teams as the Ganga, Kosi & Gandak stay above the danger mark.
Rs 23,698 crore
Bihar's Fourth Agriculture Roadmap (2023-28)
Approved outlay to modernise farming - the largest farm-sector commitment in the state's roadmap series, with Rs 9,748 crore for irrigation under PMKSY.
Approved outlay to modernise farming - the largest farm-sector commitment in the state's roadmap series, with Rs 9,748 crore for irrigation under PMKSY.
$765.90 bn
India's foreign exchange reserves (week ended 18 Sept 2026)
Down $14.88 bn in one week — the sharpest weekly fall since Nov 2024 — from $780.8 bn; all-time high $785.7 bn (5 Sept). Foreign currency assets $631 bn, gold $111.3 bn, SDRs $18.7 bn, IMF reserve position $4.9 bn. Cause: RBI dollar sales to steady the rupee as crude crossed $105/barrel and US yields rose above 5%.
Down $14.88 bn in one week — the sharpest weekly fall since Nov 2024 — from $780.8 bn; all-time high $785.7 bn (5 Sept). Foreign currency assets $631 bn, gold $111.3 bn, SDRs $18.7 bn, IMF reserve position $4.9 bn. Cause: RBI dollar sales to steady the rupee as crude crossed $105/barrel and US yields rose above 5%.
74%
Bihar Budget 2026-27: share of revenue receipts coming from the Centre
Of revenue receipts, 55% is Bihar's share in central taxes and 18% is central grants; own tax revenue is ₹65,800 cr (only 5% of GSDP). Total spending is ₹3,24,925 cr, GSDP is ₹13.1 lakh cr, and the fiscal deficit target is 3% of GSDP. Education gets the largest share (₹70,141 cr, 21.7%).
Of revenue receipts, 55% is Bihar's share in central taxes and 18% is central grants; own tax revenue is ₹65,800 cr (only 5% of GSDP). Total spending is ₹3,24,925 cr, GSDP is ₹13.1 lakh cr, and the fiscal deficit target is 3% of GSDP. Education gets the largest share (₹70,141 cr, 21.7%).
US$ 7.3 billion
Net FDI inflow into India, July 2026
Highest monthly net FDI in 5 years, up 64% from US$ 4.5 bn in July 2025. Gross inflows: US$ 14.6 bn. April–July 2026 net FDI: US$ 13.4 bn (+38%). Mauritius, UAE and US gave ~70% of equity inflows.
Highest monthly net FDI in 5 years, up 64% from US$ 4.5 bn in July 2025. Gross inflows: US$ 14.6 bn. April–July 2026 net FDI: US$ 13.4 bn (+38%). Mauritius, UAE and US gave ~70% of equity inflows.
44 practice MCQs — BPSC Prelims pattern
Q1. With reference to the recently approved Buxar-Bhagalpur Greenfield Expressway, consider the following statements: 1) It is a six-lane expressway of about 336 km. 2) It is being developed on PPP through BSRDCL. 3) It passes through Nalanda and Gaya districts. Which are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D
All three are correct - the ~336 km six-lane greenfield expressway is being built on PPP via BSRDCL and passes through Nalanda and Gaya among 11 districts.
All three are correct - the ~336 km six-lane greenfield expressway is being built on PPP via BSRDCL and passes through Nalanda and Gaya among 11 districts.
Q2. The 26th SCO Summit of 2026, which adopted the Bishkek Declaration, was hosted by which country?
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Uzbekistan
- China
Show answer
Answer: B
The 26th SCO Summit was held at Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, on 3-4 September 2026.
The 26th SCO Summit was held at Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, on 3-4 September 2026.
Q3. The Indrapuri Barrage, recently in the news in the context of a Bihar–Jharkhand water-sharing agreement, is built on which river?
- Kosi
- Gandak
- Sone
- Bagmati
Show answer
Answer: C
The Indrapuri Barrage lies on the Sone river in Rohtas district. The 2026 Bihar–Jharkhand pact, allocating Bihar 5.75 MAF, allows its full operation and irrigation in the Magadh belt.
The Indrapuri Barrage lies on the Sone river in Rohtas district. The 2026 Bihar–Jharkhand pact, allocating Bihar 5.75 MAF, allows its full operation and irrigation in the Magadh belt.
Q4. With reference to India's revised National Accounts released in 2026, consider the following statements: 1. The base year for GDP was revised to 2022-23. 2. The Producer Price Index (PPI) replaced the Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Which of the statements is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: C
The new National Accounts Statistics 2026 shifted the base year from 2011-12 to 2022-23 and introduced the PPI in place of the WPI, alongside new indices like the Banking Services Price Index.
The new National Accounts Statistics 2026 shifted the base year from 2011-12 to 2022-23 and introduced the PPI in place of the WPI, alongside new indices like the Banking Services Price Index.
Q5. Consider the following statements about the National Makhana Board: 1. It was announced in the Union Budget 2025-26. 2. It is headquartered in Bihar. 3. Mithila Makhana has received a GI tag. Which of the above are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D
All three are correct - the Board was announced in Budget 2025-26 with a ₹100 cr corpus, is based in Bihar, and Mithila Makhana was GI-tagged in 2022.
All three are correct - the Board was announced in Budget 2025-26 with a ₹100 cr corpus, is based in Bihar, and Mithila Makhana was GI-tagged in 2022.
Q6. The all-time Highest Flood Level (HFL) of the Ganga breached in September 2026 was recorded at which ghat in Patna?
- Digha Ghat
- Gandhi Ghat
- Gai Ghat
- Collectorate Ghat
Show answer
Answer: B
The Ganga touched 50.53 m at Gandhi Ghat, above the earlier HFL of 50.52 m set in August 2016.
The Ganga touched 50.53 m at Gandhi Ghat, above the earlier HFL of 50.52 m set in August 2016.
Q7. With reference to the Sone (Son) river, consider the following statements: 1. It is a right-bank tributary of the Ganga. 2. It originates near Amarkantak. 3. The Indrapuri Barrage is built on it. Which of the above are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D
The Son is a right-bank tributary of the Ganga, rises near Amarkantak (MP), and the Indrapuri Barrage (Dehri) is built on it in Bihar.
The Son is a right-bank tributary of the Ganga, rises near Amarkantak (MP), and the Indrapuri Barrage (Dehri) is built on it in Bihar.
Q8. The 18th BRICS Summit (2026) is being hosted by which country and at which venue?
- Brazil - Rio de Janeiro
- India - New Delhi (Bharat Mandapam)
- Russia - Kazan
- South Africa - Johannesburg
Show answer
Answer: B
India, as the 2026 BRICS Chair, hosts the 18th Summit at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi (12-13 September 2026).
India, as the 2026 BRICS Chair, hosts the 18th Summit at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi (12-13 September 2026).
Q9. Which of the following rivers, associated with recurrent flooding in Bihar, originates in the Nepal Himalayas?
- Punpun
- Kosi
- Son
- Falgu
Show answer
Answer: B
The Kosi ('Sorrow of Bihar') rises in the Nepal/Tibet Himalayas. The Son and Punpun are south-Bihar rivers; the Falgu flows near Gaya.
The Kosi ('Sorrow of Bihar') rises in the Nepal/Tibet Himalayas. The Son and Punpun are south-Bihar rivers; the Falgu flows near Gaya.
Q10. With reference to makhana in Bihar, consider: (1) The National Makhana Board was set up in 2025. (2) It is headquartered in Bihar. (3) Mithila Makhana has a GI tag. Which are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D
All three are correct — the Board was constituted in September 2025, is headquartered in Bihar, and Mithila Makhana received a GI tag in 2022.
All three are correct — the Board was constituted in September 2025, is headquartered in Bihar, and Mithila Makhana received a GI tag in 2022.
Q11. With reference to Mithila Makhana, consider the following statements: 1. It received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2022. 2. It is cultivated mainly in the Mithila region of Bihar. 3. A dedicated National Makhana Board has been set up for it. Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D
Mithila Makhana got its GI tag in 2022, is grown mainly in Bihar's Mithila region, and is supported by a National Makhana Board — all three statements are correct.
Mithila Makhana got its GI tag in 2022, is grown mainly in Bihar's Mithila region, and is supported by a National Makhana Board — all three statements are correct.
Q12. The bilateral air exercise 'Veer Guardian-2026' is held between India and which one of the following countries?
- France
- Japan
- Australia
- United States
Show answer
Answer: B
Veer Guardian is the India-Japan bilateral air exercise; the 2026 edition was held at Jodhpur, with the IAF flying Tejas, Su-30 MKI and Rafale, and the JASDF fielding F-2A aircraft.
Veer Guardian is the India-Japan bilateral air exercise; the 2026 edition was held at Jodhpur, with the IAF flying Tejas, Su-30 MKI and Rafale, and the JASDF fielding F-2A aircraft.
Q13. The proposed Article 371(K), recently in the news, seeks special constitutional provisions for which Union Territory?
- Jammu & Kashmir
- Ladakh
- Puducherry
- Lakshadweep
Show answer
Answer: B
The Union Home Ministry proposed Article 371(K) to give Ladakh a directly elected body and safeguards over land, culture and environment, mirroring 371A and 371G.
The Union Home Ministry proposed Article 371(K) to give Ladakh a directly elected body and safeguards over land, culture and environment, mirroring 371A and 371G.
Q14. Mithila Makhana, which holds a Geographical Indication (GI) tag, is a product of which crop?
- Water chestnut (Singhara)
- Fox nut (Euryale ferox)
- Lotus stem
- Barley
Show answer
Answer: B
Makhana is the fox nut (Euryale ferox), cultivated in Bihar's Mithila region; 'Mithila Makhana' received a GI tag in 2022.
Makhana is the fox nut (Euryale ferox), cultivated in Bihar's Mithila region; 'Mithila Makhana' received a GI tag in 2022.
Q15. With reference to the recent Bihar floods, consider the statements: (1) The Ganga at Patna crossed its previous record level. (2) The Kosi rises in the Nepal/Tibet Himalaya. (3) The NDRF alone carries out all rescue in the state. Which are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: A
Both SDRF and NDRF operate in Bihar, so (3) is wrong. The Ganga crossed its 2016 record and the Kosi rises in the Nepal/Tibet Himalaya — (1) and (2) are correct.
Both SDRF and NDRF operate in Bihar, so (3) is wrong. The Ganga crossed its 2016 record and the Kosi rises in the Nepal/Tibet Himalaya — (1) and (2) are correct.
Q16. 'Bhu-Aadhaar', recently in the news, refers to:
- A crop-insurance ID
- A 14-digit Unique Land Parcel Number (ULPIN)
- A rural job card
- A soil-health card
Show answer
Answer: B
Under DILRMP 3.0, Bhu-Aadhaar assigns a 14-digit ULPIN to each land parcel for geo-referenced records.
Under DILRMP 3.0, Bhu-Aadhaar assigns a 14-digit ULPIN to each land parcel for geo-referenced records.
Q17. With reference to the International Solar Alliance (ISA), consider the following: 1. It was jointly launched by India and France. 2. Its headquarters is located in Gurugram, Haryana. 3. It is an intergovernmental treaty-based organisation. Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D
ISA was launched by India & France at CoP-21 (2015), is headquartered at Gurugram, and is a treaty-based intergovernmental body. Hence all three are correct.
ISA was launched by India & France at CoP-21 (2015), is headquartered at Gurugram, and is a treaty-based intergovernmental body. Hence all three are correct.
Q18. Consider the following pairs (river : location where it flows above danger level in Bihar): 1. Ganga - Sultanganj 2. Budhi Gandak - Khagaria 3. Punpun - Sripalpur How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Show answer
Answer: C
During the September 2026 floods the Ganga (Sultanganj), Budhi Gandak (Khagaria) and Punpun (Sripalpur) were all reported above their danger levels. All three pairs are correct.
During the September 2026 floods the Ganga (Sultanganj), Budhi Gandak (Khagaria) and Punpun (Sripalpur) were all reported above their danger levels. All three pairs are correct.
Q19. Consider the following statements about the Vishnupad Temple: 1. It is located in Gaya on the banks of the Falgu river. 2. The approved corridor is modelled on the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor. Which of the statements is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: C
Both are correct — the Vishnupad Temple is at Gaya on the Falgu river, and the ₹3,516-cr corridor follows the Kashi Vishwanath model.
Both are correct — the Vishnupad Temple is at Gaya on the Falgu river, and the ₹3,516-cr corridor follows the Kashi Vishwanath model.
Q20. Which constitutional part, inserted by the 97th Amendment, deals with co-operative societies?
- Part IX (Art. 243-243O)
- Part IX-A (Art. 243P-243ZG)
- Part IX-B (Art. 243ZH-243ZT)
- Part VIII (Art. 239-242)
Show answer
Answer: C
Part IX-B (Art. 243ZH-243ZT), added by the 97th Amendment (2011), governs co-operatives; Art. 243ZL was central to the recent Supreme Court ruling.
Part IX-B (Art. 243ZH-243ZT), added by the 97th Amendment (2011), governs co-operatives; Art. 243ZL was central to the recent Supreme Court ruling.
Q21. Consider the following about the 'Seva Sankalp Abhiyan' launched in Bihar (Sep 2026): 1. It delivers 26 central schemes on-the-spot. 2. It is coordinated across 9 departments. 3. It runs for exactly one week. Which of the above are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: A
The campaign runs 17 Sep-17 Oct 2026 (extended to Mar 2027), not one week; 26 schemes across 9 departments are correct, so statements 1 and 2 hold.
The campaign runs 17 Sep-17 Oct 2026 (extended to Mar 2027), not one week; 26 schemes across 9 departments are correct, so statements 1 and 2 hold.
Q22. 'Mithila Makhana', seen in the news, is associated with which state and form of IP protection?
- Assam – Patent
- Bihar – Geographical Indication
- Odisha – Trademark
- West Bengal – Copyright
Show answer
Answer: B
Mithila Makhana of Bihar received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2022.
Mithila Makhana of Bihar received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2022.
Q23. With reference to the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for Kharif 2026-27, consider the following: 1. The MSP for paddy (common) was raised by ₹72 to ₹2,441 per quintal. 2. MSP is recommended by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). Which of the statements is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: C
Paddy (common) MSP rose ₹72 to ₹2,441/quintal for 2026-27, and MSP is recommended by the CACP before Cabinet approval. Both are correct.
Paddy (common) MSP rose ₹72 to ₹2,441/quintal for 2026-27, and MSP is recommended by the CACP before Cabinet approval. Both are correct.
Q24. Consider the following rivers that were flowing above the danger mark during the 2026 Bihar floods: 1. Bagmati 2. Gandak 3. Ghaghra Which of these are tributaries linked to the Ganga system in Bihar?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D
Bagmati, Gandak and Ghaghra are all part of the Ganga river system in Bihar and were above the danger mark during the 2026 floods.
Bagmati, Gandak and Ghaghra are all part of the Ganga river system in Bihar and were above the danger mark during the 2026 floods.
Q25. The Vishnupad Temple Corridor, recently approved by the Bihar Cabinet, is located in which district?
- Nalanda
- Gaya
- Rohtas
- Bhagalpur
Show answer
Answer: B
The ₹2,520-crore corridor, modelled on the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor, will develop the Vishnupad temple in Gaya.
The ₹2,520-crore corridor, modelled on the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor, will develop the Vishnupad temple in Gaya.
Q26. Consider the following about the 18th BRICS Summit (2026): 1) It was hosted by India at New Delhi. 2) Members adopted the New Delhi Declaration. 3) A common BRICS currency was launched. Which of the above are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: A
India hosted the summit and members adopted the New Delhi Declaration; no common currency was launched – the focus was on local-currency trade.
India hosted the summit and members adopted the New Delhi Declaration; no common currency was launched – the focus was on local-currency trade.
Q27. With reference to the National Makhana Board, consider the following: 1. Its outlay is ₹476.03 crore for 2025-26 to 2030-31. 2. It covers nine districts of north Bihar. 3. India accounts for about 80% of global makhana output. Which of the above are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D
All three are correct — the six-year ₹476.03 cr mission covers 9 north-Bihar districts, and India produces ~80% of the world's makhana.
All three are correct — the six-year ₹476.03 cr mission covers 9 north-Bihar districts, and India produces ~80% of the world's makhana.
Q28. The Kishau Multipurpose Project, recently in the news, is being built on which river?
- Betwa
- Tons (Yamuna sub-basin)
- Ken
- Sharda
Show answer
Answer: B
The dam is on the Tons river, the largest tributary of the Yamuna; a six-state pact was signed on 15 Sep 2026.
The dam is on the Tons river, the largest tributary of the Yamuna; a six-state pact was signed on 15 Sep 2026.
Q29. With reference to Mithila Makhana, consider the following statements: 1. It has been granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag. 2. The National Makhana Board is headquartered in Bihar. Which of the statements is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: C
Mithila Makhana received a GI tag (2022) and the National Makhana Board announced in the Union Budget is based in Bihar. Hence both statements are correct.
Mithila Makhana received a GI tag (2022) and the National Makhana Board announced in the Union Budget is based in Bihar. Hence both statements are correct.
Q30. Which of the following rivers is popularly known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar'?
- Gandak
- Bagmati
- Kosi
- Punpun
Show answer
Answer: C
The Kosi, notorious for shifting its course and causing severe floods in north Bihar, is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'.
The Kosi, notorious for shifting its course and causing severe floods in north Bihar, is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar'.
Q31. With reference to the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad), consider the following statements: 1. It is a permanent House that is not subject to dissolution. 2. One-third of its members retire every two years. 3. Only six Indian states currently have a Legislative Council. Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D
All three are correct. Under Article 171, the Council is permanent, with one-third retiring every two years, and at present six states (including Bihar) have one.
All three are correct. Under Article 171, the Council is permanent, with one-third retiring every two years, and at present six states (including Bihar) have one.
Q32. Consider the following pairs of river and its common description in Bihar: 1. Kosi — 'Sorrow of Bihar' 2. Gandak — a north-bank tributary of the Ganga Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: C
Both are correct. The Kosi is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' for its shifting course and floods, and the Gandak is a northern (Himalayan) tributary joining the Ganga.
Both are correct. The Kosi is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' for its shifting course and floods, and the Gandak is a northern (Himalayan) tributary joining the Ganga.
Q33. With reference to Bihar's rivers, consider the following statements: 1. The Kosi originates in the Nepal/Himalaya. 2. The Kosi is known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar'. 3. The Gandak is a tributary of the Ganga. Which of the above are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D
All three are correct. The Kosi rises in the Himalaya/Nepal, is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' for its shifting course, and the Gandak (Narayani) is a left-bank tributary of the Ganga.
All three are correct. The Kosi rises in the Himalaya/Nepal, is called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' for its shifting course, and the Gandak (Narayani) is a left-bank tributary of the Ganga.
Q34. The case 'Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala (1986)' is chiefly associated with which fundamental right?
- Right to property
- Freedom of conscience and religion
- Right to constitutional remedies
- Right against exploitation
Show answer
Answer: B
It upheld students' freedom of conscience (Arts. 19(1)(a) & 25) in the National Anthem case — cited in the 2026 national-song ruling.
It upheld students' freedom of conscience (Arts. 19(1)(a) & 25) in the National Anthem case — cited in the 2026 national-song ruling.
Q35. With reference to the Bihar Legislative Council, consider the following statements: 1. It is the oldest State Legislative Council in India. 2. One-third of its members are nominated by the Governor. 3. A State Legislative Council can be created or abolished under Article 169. Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: B
The Bihar Legislative Council (since 1936) is India's oldest such Council (1 correct). Under Art. 171, about 1/12 of members are Governor-nominated, not 1/3 (2 wrong). Art. 169 lets Parliament create/abolish a Council on a state assembly's special-majority resolution (3 correct).
The Bihar Legislative Council (since 1936) is India's oldest such Council (1 correct). Under Art. 171, about 1/12 of members are Governor-nominated, not 1/3 (2 wrong). Art. 169 lets Parliament create/abolish a Council on a state assembly's special-majority resolution (3 correct).
Q36. Consider the following pairs of rivers and their features in Bihar: 1. Kosi — north-bank Himalayan river 2. Punpun — south-bank peninsular river 3. Gandak — enters India via Valmiki Nagar How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
- Only one
- Only two
- All three
- None
Show answer
Answer: C
All three are correct. The Kosi is a Himalayan north-bank tributary; the Punpun rises in the Chhotanagpur plateau and joins the Ganga south of Patna; the Gandak enters India at Valmiki Nagar and meets the Ganga at Hajipur (Sonpur).
All three are correct. The Kosi is a Himalayan north-bank tributary; the Punpun rises in the Chhotanagpur plateau and joins the Ganga south of Patna; the Gandak enters India at Valmiki Nagar and meets the Ganga at Hajipur (Sonpur).
Q37. With reference to Bihar's Fourth Agriculture Roadmap, consider: 1) It covers the period 2023-28. 2) Its approved outlay is about Rs 23,698 crore. 3) Irrigation is supported under the PMKSY. Which are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D
All three statements are correct - the roadmap runs 2023-28 with an outlay of about Rs 23,698 crore and irrigation support under PMKSY.
All three statements are correct - the roadmap runs 2023-28 with an outlay of about Rs 23,698 crore and irrigation support under PMKSY.
Q38. Regarding the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC), consider: 1) The CEC can be removed only in the same manner as a Supreme Court judge. 2) Removal requires a special majority in both Houses of Parliament. 3) Several CECs have been removed since 1950. Which are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: A
Statements 1 and 2 are correct; no CEC has ever been removed, so statement 3 is wrong.
Statements 1 and 2 are correct; no CEC has ever been removed, so statement 3 is wrong.
Q39. Consider the following statements about the proposed Kosi four-lane corridor in Bihar: 1. It will run along both Kosi embankments for about 354 km. 2. Its western section runs from Birpur to Kursela. 3. It will connect with the Gorakhpur–Siliguri Expressway. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D
All three are correct: 354.37 km on both embankments; west Birpur → Kursela (~230 km), east Birpur → Koparia (~124 km); it links 5 NHs and the Gorakhpur–Siliguri Expressway.
All three are correct: 354.37 km on both embankments; west Birpur → Kursela (~230 km), east Birpur → Koparia (~124 km); it links 5 NHs and the Gorakhpur–Siliguri Expressway.
Q40. Under the RTI Act, 2005, the State Chief Information Commissioner is appointed by:
- The Chief Minister
- The Governor on the recommendation of a committee
- The President of India
- The Chief Justice of the High Court
Show answer
Answer: B
Sec. 15(3): the Governor appoints on the recommendation of a committee of the CM, Leader of Opposition and a Cabinet Minister nominated by the CM.
Sec. 15(3): the Governor appoints on the recommendation of a committee of the CM, Leader of Opposition and a Cabinet Minister nominated by the CM.
Q41. Consider the following statements about the Victim Rights Centre inaugurated in September 2026: 1. It is India's first such centre and is located in Patna. 2. It functions under the Bihar State Legal Services Authority. 3. It has been set up as a 24-month pilot project. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: B
The centre at BSLSA, Patna is India's first, but it is a 12-month pilot, so statement 3 is wrong.
The centre at BSLSA, Patna is India's first, but it is a 12-month pilot, so statement 3 is wrong.
Q42. The Gandak river, currently in spate in north Bihar, enters India at which place and meets the Ganga near which town?
- Bhimnagar; Kursela
- Valmikinagar; Hajipur
- Raxaul; Barh
- Birpur; Munger
Show answer
Answer: B
The Gandak enters India at Valmikinagar (site of the Gandak barrage, 1959 India–Nepal agreement) and joins the Ganga near Hajipur. Bhimnagar/Birpur relate to the Kosi.
The Gandak enters India at Valmikinagar (site of the Gandak barrage, 1959 India–Nepal agreement) and joins the Ganga near Hajipur. Bhimnagar/Birpur relate to the Kosi.
Q43. With reference to the Gandak river, consider the following statements: 1. It enters Bihar at Valmikinagar. 2. It joins the Ganga near Hajipur–Sonpur. 3. The Gandak Project was executed under an India–Bhutan agreement. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: B
The Gandak enters Bihar at Valmikinagar and meets the Ganga at Hajipur–Sonpur. The Gandak Project rests on an India–Nepal agreement (1959), not India–Bhutan.
The Gandak enters Bihar at Valmikinagar and meets the Ganga at Hajipur–Sonpur. The Gandak Project rests on an India–Nepal agreement (1959), not India–Bhutan.
Q44. Under the RTI Act, 2005, which of the following statements about the State Chief Information Commissioner is/are correct? 1. Appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of a committee headed by the Chief Minister. 2. The Leader of Opposition in the Assembly is a member of the selection committee. 3. The appointee is eligible for reappointment.
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: A
Section 15(3): the Governor appoints on the recommendation of the CM (chair), LoP and a cabinet minister. The SCIC is not eligible for reappointment.
Section 15(3): the Governor appoints on the recommendation of the CM (chair), LoP and a cabinet minister. The SCIC is not eligible for reappointment.
Mains practice questions
- Inter-state water-sharing accords are central to Bihar's water security. In light of the recent Sone river MoU, examine how such agreements can strengthen irrigation and flood management in Bihar. (BPSC Mains GS-II)
- The 2026 Ganga floods have again exposed the structural vulnerability of Bihar's river systems. Examine the causes of recurrent flooding in Bihar and suggest a sustainable flood-management strategy. (BPSC Mains GS-II)
- Recurrent floods in north Bihar are as much a problem of river management as of rainfall. Examine the causes and suggest a sustainable flood-management strategy for the state. (BPSC Mains, GS-II)
- Inter-state river water disputes remain a recurring challenge to cooperative federalism in India. In this context, examine the significance of the recent Bihar-Jharkhand Sone river water-sharing agreement.
- "Bihar's recurrent floods are as much a challenge of inter-state and international water management as of engineering." Discuss with reference to the Kosi–Gandak river system. (BPSC Mains GS-II)
- Recurring high-magnitude floods in north Bihar are as much a problem of governance and river management as of rainfall. Critically examine, with reference to the 2026 Ganga floods.
- Bihar's recurring floods are as much a problem of river and catchment management as of relief. Examine the structural and non-structural measures needed for sustainable flood management in north Bihar. (250 words)
- Recurrent floods in north Bihar are as much a problem of river management as of geography. Discuss with reference to the Kosi and the recent embankment breaches. (BPSC Mains GS-II)
- Recurrent floods in north Bihar are as much a problem of river management and inter-State/international water-sharing as of rainfall. Discuss, with reference to the Kosi and Gandak systems, the structural and institutional measures needed for long-term flood moderation. (15 marks, 250 words)
- “Bihar's recurring floods are as much a challenge of river management and Indo-Nepal cooperation as of relief.” Discuss with reference to the Kosi and the recent measures announced. (15 marks, 250 words)
- Recurring floods in the Kosi-Gandak plains remain Bihar's biggest developmental challenge. Discuss the causes and evaluate recent state measures for flood management. (250 words)
- North Bihar faces recurrent, high-magnitude floods almost every monsoon. Examine the geographical causes and suggest a sustainable, basin-level flood-management strategy for the state. (BPSC Mains GS-II)
- "Bihar's recurring floods are as much a problem of water management as of geography." Discuss with reference to the Kosi–Gandak river system and suggest measures.
- Bihar records higher headline GSDP growth than the national average yet lags sharply on per-capita income. Examine the structural reasons and suggest measures for inclusive, employment-rich growth. (GS-II, Bihar Economy)
- Bihar remains India's most flood-prone state even as it pursues rapid agro-industrial growth. Examine the challenges of river management in north Bihar and suggest a sustainable strategy that also supports the state's economy.
- "Recurring floods in north Bihar are as much a problem of river management as of geography." In light of the roles of the Kosi and Gandak, examine the structural and institutional measures needed to reduce flood damage in Bihar. (BPSC Mains GS-II, ~150 words)
- Bihar is India's most flood-prone state. Examine the geographical causes of recurring floods in north Bihar and suggest a sustainable river-management strategy. (BPSC Mains, GS-II)
- Bihar is India's most flood-prone state. Discuss the geographical factors behind its recurring floods and evaluate the effectiveness of the state's flood-management measures.
- Recurring floods in north Bihar are as much a problem of silt and river management as of rainfall. In this light, examine the shift towards a 'long-term river-corridor' strategy for the Kosi. (BPSC Mains GS-II)
- "Floods in north Bihar are as much a governance challenge as a geographical one." Discuss with reference to the Kosi and Gandak basins and suggest a long-term strategy. (BPSC Mains GS-II, ~250 words)
- Floods in north Bihar recur almost every year despite a long network of embankments. Examine the causes and suggest a mix of structural and non-structural measures, with reference to the Gandak and Kosi basins. (BPSC Mains GS-II, 38 marks)
- "Floods in North Bihar are as much man-made as natural." Examine this statement in the light of the record Gandak floods of September 2026 and suggest an integrated flood-management strategy for Bihar.
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