2 Nov – 8 Nov 202626 Oct – 1 Nov 202619 Oct – 25 Oct 202612 Oct – 18 Oct 20265 Oct – 11 Oct 202628 Sep – 4 Oct 202621 Sep – 27 Sep 202614 Sep – 20 Sep 20267 Sep – 13 Sep 202631 Aug – 6 Sep 2026
Weekly at a glance
- Mon 28 Sep — Bihar makes computer education mandatory in govt schools; 17 north Bihar districts on flood alert; Russia backs India's permanent UNSC seat
- Tue 29 Sep — Gandak floods trigger CM's aerial survey in north Bihar; India's first Victim Rights Centre opens in Patna; SC refuses to stay UPI MDR
- Wed 30 Sep — Gandak hits all-time high of 91.25 m as North Bihar floods worsen; Bihar DGP Vinay Kumar picked as State Chief Information Commissioner; India's net FDI touches 5-year high
- Thu 1 Oct — Bihar clears Green Hydrogen Policy 2026; Gandak floods breach embankments in North Bihar; GST crosses ₹2.03 lakh crore in September
- Fri 2 Oct — Bihar Cabinet clears Green Hydrogen Policy 2026; Gandak breaks its record flood level; September GST crosses ₹2.04 lakh crore
All topics — key facts for revision
28 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar makes computer education mandatory in all government schools
- Rollout from the next academic year (2027) across all government schools.
- Staffing model: one computer instructor for a cluster of 2-3 schools.
- Announced at a PTM focused on NIPUN goals — foundational reading, writing & numeracy.
- CM's message: children must be connected with modern technology now.
ENVIRONMENT Nepal rain swells Gandak & Kosi; 17 north Bihar districts on high flood alert
- Gandak at Valmikinagar barrage: 4.24 lakh cusecs (27 Sept, 11 am), expected near 5 lakh.
- Kosi at Birpur barrage: 3.13 lakh cusecs on 26 Sept — season's highest.
- 17 districts incl. W & E Champaran, Gopalganj, Saharsa, Supaul, Madhepura, Darbhanga, Khagaria.
- NDRF/SDRF deployed; boats & life-jackets stocked; disaster helpline 1070.
BIHAR 354-km four-lane road planned along both Kosi embankments
- Eastern embankment ~124 km: Birpur (Supaul) → Koparia (Saharsa) via Nauhatta, Mahishi, Simri Bakhtiyarpur.
- Western embankment ~230 km: Birpur → Kursela (Katihar) via Madhepur, Kiratpur, Alauli, Naugachhia.
- Links 5 NHs — NH-27, NH-31, NH-131, NH-231, NH-527A — and the Gorakhpur–Siliguri Expressway.
- Benefits 8 districts; land need about 94,200 acres (34,700 E + 59,500 W).
BIHAR New double-line Mokama rail bridge over Ganga to open on 5 October
- Bridge length about 1.86 km; total project about 14 km; cost about ₹1,700 crore.
- Train speed up to 90 km/h vs 40-50 km/h on the ageing single-line Rajendra Setu.
- Serves Hathidah, Rampur Dumra, Simaria, Barauni; eases the Howrah–Delhi corridor.
- Executed by East Central Railway (HQ Hajipur).
BIHAR Rajgir moves closer to hosting the 2030 FIH Women's Hockey World Cup
- Talks involved Sports Secretary Deepak Anand and Hockey India Secretary-General Bhola Nath Singh.
- Rajgir hosted the Women's Asian Champions Trophy 2024 and the Men's Asia Cup 2025.
- Venue: Rajgir Sports Complex (Nalanda district), home to Bihar Sports University.
- Slogan: 'The world's daughters should come to Bihar'.
POLITY Bihar DGP Vinay Kumar takes VRS, appointed State Chief Information Commissioner
- Appointed Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) of Bihar.
- Preeta Verma (1991 batch) continues as Acting DGP.
- Kumar had been on medical leave earlier in September.
IR Russia backs India & Brazil for permanent UNSC seats, rejects Germany & Japan
- Mauritius backed the G4 & L.69 positions and India's candidature.
- Portugal supported permanent representation for Africa, Brazil & India.
- China has not endorsed India's bid — any P5 member can block reform.
- UNSC last expanded in 1965 (11 → 15 members).
ENVIRONMENT UNGA declaration: rising seas will not erase statehood or maritime zones
- Baselines stay fixed even if coastlines retreat.
- Protects Tuvalu, Fiji, Vanuatu and other small island states.
- It is non-binding; no new adaptation finance or relocation plan.
- India link: Lakshadweep, Andaman & Nicobar, Sundarbans and a large EEZ.
POLITY Lok Sabha crosses 46 days after sine die adjournment without prorogation
- Longer gaps only in the Bofors years: 76 days (1987) and 61 days (1989).
- Previous high since 2014: 28 days (2015).
- An un-prorogued House can be recalled by the Speaker without fresh summons.
- Reports suggest a possible October sitting for amendments on delimitation & women's reservation.
POLITY Voter deletions via ECINet revive debate: is the right to vote statutory or fundamental?
- Kuldip Nayar v. UoI (2006): voting is a statutory right.
- Rajbala v. Haryana (2015): called it a constitutional right.
- Anoop Baranwal (2023): Justice Ajay Rastogi linked it to Arts. 19(1)(a) & 21.
- Deletion also hit welfare — Goa's Mediclaim scheme uses the roll for eligibility.
SOCIETY 20th Asian Games: India's tally reaches 37 medals after athletics & squash haul
- Silver: Abhay Singh & Anahat Singh (squash), Sarvesh Kushare (high jump), Ancy Sojan (long jump).
- Bronze: Tejaswin Shankar (decathlon), Harita Bhadra, Parul Chaudhary (3000m steeplechase — national record 9:08.67).
- Golds so far include men's & women's kabaddi and women's cricket.
- Top of table: China (205 medals), Japan, South Korea.
29 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Gandak in spate: CM Samrat Choudhary surveys flood-hit north Bihar
- Districts surveyed: Vaishali, Saran, East Champaran, Gopalganj.
- Gandak at Dumaria Ghat (Gopalganj) ran about 1.5 m above the danger mark; a further 50 cm rise was forecast.
- Orders: night patrolling, SDRF–NDRF coordination, relief camps and community kitchens.
- Deputy CM Vijay Kumar Chaudhary accompanied the CM on the survey.
POLITY India's first Victim Rights Centre opens in Patna
- Runs as a 12-month pilot in Patna district; a single-window for legal aid, counselling and case tracking.
- Links police, hospitals, Child Welfare Committees, One Stop Centres; cases follow fixed, monitored timelines.
- Also launched: a Transgender Helpline and multi-utility vehicles for legal-aid outreach.
- Present: Patna HC Chief Justice V. Kameswar Rao and BSLSA Executive Chairman Justice Sudhir Singh.
BIHAR Bihar cabinet backs dairy, wetland fisheries and Warisaliganj sugar mill revival
- ₹195.28 cr for a Siwan wetlands aquaculture project; ₹126 cr for Kosi-region dairy (2026-28).
- Mukhya Mantri Gaudhan Vikas Rinn Yojana: ₹160 cr over 2026-27 to 2028-29.
- 99.39 acres of Warisaliganj Sugar Mill (Nawada) land transferred; ₹500 cr+ investment expected.
- ₹29.79 cr for e-SushrutNX hospital IT in 12 institutions; ₹15 cr each for Mata Sita Women's Univ. (Patna) and Dinkar Univ. (Begusarai).
SOCIETY Pitru Paksha Mela 2026 at Gayaji goes tech-enabled; Vishnupad corridor in pipeline
- Tech tools: QR-code wristbands, AI crowd alerts, facial recognition for missing persons.
- Free stay for 75,348 pilgrims; 70 health camps; 150 free e-rickshaws; Jeevika Didi ki Rasoi meals at ₹30.
- Cabinet (15 Sept) approved a ₹3,516.05 cr Vishnupad corridor on the Kashi Vishwanath model.
- Of this, ₹2,520 cr is for the corridor and ₹996.05 cr for Son–Falgu river linking.
BIHAR Patna Metro: Danapur–Patliputra stretch deadline moved to Sept 2030
- Section is about 70% complete; stations at Danapur, Saguna Mor, RPS Mor under work.
- Full network: 32.5 km on two corridors; services run on 6.2 km (ISBT, Zero Mile, Bhoothnath, Malahi Pakri).
- Khemnichak–Mithapur (3.1 km elevated) expected by June 2027.
BIHAR City gas reaches 28 of Bihar's 38 districts
- Officials were asked to speed up expansion in the remaining districts, focusing on apartments and housing colonies.
- Darbhanga got its first domestic PNG connection this month under a PSU drive.
- PNG cuts LPG cylinder dependence and is cleaner than solid fuels.
ECONOMY Supreme Court refuses to stay MDR on UPI payments above ₹2,000
- Effective 15 Oct 2026: 0.4% on merchant payments above ₹2,000, capped at ₹300.
- Essential sectors (railways, fuel, telecom, insurance, agriculture): flat ₹5 per transaction.
- P2P transfers and small payments stay free; Centre says it is a settlement fee, not a tax.
POLITY SC extends three-language exam exemption to Class VI CBSE students
- Circular: Classes VI–IX to study three languages, at least two native Indian.
- Relief: students keep studying the third language but face no mandatory board exam in it and no hold on promotion.
- Petitioners cited a shortage of trained teachers and textbooks; Centre claimed 99% schools were ready.
ECONOMY National Highway network grows 61% to 1,46,572 km
- Construction pace: 11.6 km/day (2013-14) to 34 km/day – nearly 3x.
- Bharatmala: 26,425 km awarded, 22,590 km built of 34,800 km planned (Mar 2026).
- Delhi–Mumbai Expressway (1,386 km) is the longest access-controlled corridor.
SCI-TECH India's first LNG-powered train flagged off from Sabarmati
- LNG replaces up to 40% of diesel; 2,200-litre tank per power car, range about 222 km.
- Over 2,000 km of field trials done before launch.
- Kavach extended to 404 km in Ahmedabad division (₹411 cr); new WAG-12 shed (₹700 cr).
POLITY J&K Assembly passes resolution seeking restoration of full statehood
- BJP members walked out during voting and moved a no-confidence motion against the Speaker.
- The resolution is advisory; only Parliament can change the status by law.
- J&K has been a UT with legislature since 31 Oct 2019.
30 September 2026
Full notes with diagrams →ENVIRONMENT Gandak crosses all-time high of 91.25 m; embankments breached as North Bihar floods worsen
- Valmikinagar barrage released 5,43,500 cusecs on 28 Sept (2024 peak: 5,62,500), yet the level beat the 2024 record of 90.90 m by 0.35 m.
- Two breaches in the Champaran embankment (left bank) at Khairatwa and Fuliyakhad, West Champaran; one breach on the right bank in Kushinagar (UP).
- 169 seepage/piping points plugged; engineer teams deployed at Bagaha, Bettiah, Motihari and Gopalganj.
- At risk: West & East Champaran, Gopalganj, Saran, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali; CM Samrat Choudhary made an aerial survey on 28 Sept.
- Earlier September floods had hit 50.49 lakh people across 15 districts.
POLITY DGP Vinay Kumar selected as Bihar CIC; Preeta Verma first woman acting DGP
- Selection committee headed by CM Samrat Choudhary, with LoP Tejashwi Yadav and Deputy CM Vijay Kumar Choudhary.
- Previous CIC Tripurari Sharan completed his term on 31 July 2026.
- Vinay Kumar had been DGP since 13 Dec 2024; his superannuation was due on 12 Dec 2026.
- State Information Commission: 1 SCIC + up to 10 SICs; term 3 years or till 65, no reappointment.
- For a regular DGP, the state sends a panel to UPSC, which shortlists 3 officers (Prakash Singh case, 2006).
SOCIETY BPSC TRE-4 expanded: 832 more posts take teacher vacancies to 33,220
- Original split: Primary 3,847, Middle 8,563, Secondary 3,877, Higher Secondary 16,101.
- Largest subject pool: Chemistry 3,695 (HS), then Physics 1,758 and English 1,321.
- BPSC got zero applications for 218 HoD posts in government polytechnics even after reopening the window.
- Bihar Board 2026 marksheets & certificates will be available on DigiLocker.
BIHAR Samrat Cabinet meets today; scheme watch from the 23 Sept meeting
- A Women's University in Patna named after Goddess Sita; Ramdhari Singh Dinkar University, Begusarai (₹15 crore approval).
- CM Godhan Vikas Loan Scheme: 100% interest subsidy on bank loans to livestock farmers (outlay ₹1,600+ crore).
- New sugar mill at Warisaliganj (Nawada) — ₹500+ crore; Kosi-region dairy: 8 projects, 500 new cooperative societies (₹126.07 crore).
- 50 drones for Bihar Police (₹24.5 crore); a Bihar Water Resources Development Corporation to be formed.
- Early release of eligible prisoners on Gandhi Jayanti (2 Oct).
BIHAR Buxar gets its first piped natural gas supply; PNG network now in 28 districts
- Bihar's PNG distribution network now covers 28 districts.
- Earlier launches include Bettiah (West Champaran) and Saharsa.
- City gas licences are awarded by PNGRB under the PNGRB Act, 2006.
- Trunk supply comes from the Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga (Jagdishpur–Haldia–Bokaro–Dhamra) pipeline built by GAIL.
BIHAR Rajgir rolls out single-ticket integrated parking at four heritage-tourism spots
- Venuvan — bamboo grove gifted to the Buddha by King Bimbisara.
- Son Bhandar — twin rock-cut caves with Jain associations (c. 3rd–4th century CE).
- Rajagriha (Rajgir) was the first capital of Magadha under the Haryanka dynasty.
- First Buddhist Council (c. 483 BCE) at Saptaparni cave, under Ajatashatru, presided by Mahakassapa.
ECONOMY Kandla, JNPA, Paradip and Mundra notified as India's first 'mega ports'
- Deendayal (Kandla, Gujarat), JNPA (Nhava Sheva, Maharashtra), Paradip (Odisha), Mundra (Gujarat).
- Mundra is the only non-major, privately operated port in the list; Paradip is the only one on the east coast.
- Criteria (issued 30 July 2026) are based on annual cargo volume, not ownership; status valid for 5 years.
- India has 12 major ports and 200+ non-major ports.
ENVIRONMENT Sagarmala Finance opens India's first blue bond for maritime projects
- Tenor 10 years; rated AA+.
- SMFCL — India's first maritime-focused NBFC, set up in June 2025.
- Use of funds: maritime lending, greenfield ports and coastal roads.
- Borrowing plan: ₹25,000 crore overall, ₹8,000 crore in the first year.
HEALTH Supreme Court flags 10-fold markup on cancer drug as 'broad daylight dacoity'
- About 82% of medicines are non-scheduled — outside the DPCO price ceiling.
- DPCO caps ~1,000 scheduled medicines, against 60,000+ brands in the market.
- Non-scheduled drug prices can rise at most 10% a year, but launch prices are free.
- PILs: Kishan Chand Jain (2023) and a 2026 petition on trade margins.
ECONOMY Edible oil import duties slashed ahead of festive season
- Crude palm & soybean: 10% → 5%; crude sunflower: 10% → 0%.
- Refined palm & soybean: 32.5% → 27.5%; refined sunflower: 32.5% → 22.5%.
- Effective duty (with cess): crude palm/soy 16.5% → 11%; crude sunflower 16.5% → 5.5%.
- India imports about two-thirds of its edible oil — from Indonesia, Malaysia and Argentina, among others.
REPORT India climbs to 31st in WEF Travel & Tourism Development Index 2026
- Top 5: Japan, USA, Spain, Australia, France.
- 92% of economies (101 of 110) improved their scores since 2024.
- India's strengths: price competitiveness, cultural resources (top-10), business travel.
- Gaps: tourist services, general infrastructure, sustainability and workforce skills.
1 October 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar Cabinet clears Green Hydrogen Policy 2026
- Target: 0.1 MMT (1 lakh tonnes) of green hydrogen per year by 2031.
- Capacity: 1 GW electrolysers backed by 2.5 GW of renewable energy.
- Expected investment ~₹16,000 crore; ~12,000 direct + indirect jobs.
- Nodal agency: BREDA (Bihar Renewable Energy Development Agency).
- Aligned with National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023) and net-zero 2070.
BIHAR ₹2,761.55 cr farm-feeder solarisation; 21,644 homes to join the grid
- ₹2,761.55 cr to solarise 2,554 farm feeders – 2,585 MW of solar plants.
- Split: ₹2,714.25 cr grants (₹1.05 cr/MW) + ₹47.30 cr incentives to gram panchayats at 946 substations.
- 21,644 households in 177 habitations of Kaimur & Rohtas – ₹351.85 cr under RDSS.
- ₹477 cr for Anganwadi honoraria; ₹26.33 cr (first year) for a haemophilia treatment scheme.
- ₹62.52 cr for 30 water cannons and 86 Vajra vehicles for the police.
ENVIRONMENT Gandak above highest flood level; embankments breach in Saran, Muzaffarpur
- Peak 2026 discharge 5,43,500 cusecs at Valmikinagar barrage on 28 Sept.
- Dumariaghat (Gopalganj) ~22 cm above HFL for ~36 hours.
- Breaches: Panapur (Saran) right embankment and Tirhut Main Embankment (Sahebganj, Muzaffarpur).
- Worst hit: West & East Champaran, Gopalganj; also Saran, Vaishali, Muzaffarpur.
- Saran alone: 48 villages, ~24,725 people; 33 boats and NDRF/SDRF teams deployed.
BIHAR Gadkari reviews Bihar NH projects in Patna; JP Ganga Path Phase-2 lined up
- Key corridors: Gorakhpur–Siliguri Expressway, Raxaul–Haldia corridor, Buxar–Bhagalpur highway.
- JP Ganga Path Phase-2: Digha–Sherpur–Koilwar, 35 km, ₹5,500 cr; work from Nov 2026.
- 18 km elevated four-lane (Digha–Sherpur) + 17.65 km embankment road (Sherpur–Koilwar).
- Built on Hybrid Annuity Model: builder 60%, state 40%; 15-year maintenance.
- Patna–Buxar travel expected to fall to ~2 hours.
BIHAR Bihar ties up with Google to train teachers in AI tools
- Teachers to be trained in Gemini and NotebookLM for lesson planning and admin work.
- Training in Hindi and English with locally adapted content; hybrid mode with competency-based assessment.
- Support for ICT labs, smart classrooms, digital libraries and language labs.
- Google Educator Groups for peer learning among Bihar teachers.
- Comes as Bihar Board marksheets go on DigiLocker for the first time.
SOCIETY Pitru Paksha Mela at Gaya Ji draws pilgrims; digital push for pind daan
- Mela inaugurated by CM Samrat Choudhary; venues Gaya Ji and Punpun.
- 'Pinddaan Gaya Ji' app and website for rituals, vedis, stay and transport.
- 2,500-bed tent city at Gaya Ji; 5,000-capacity pandal at Punpun Ghat.
- 150 free e-rickshaws for elderly and differently abled pilgrims.
- Security: 5 zones, 54 sectors, CCTV and drone surveillance.
ECONOMY Windfall levy on diesel and ATF exports cut from 1 October
- Diesel export levy: ₹20 → ₹16 per litre.
- ATF export levy: ₹15 → ₹10.50 per litre.
- Petrol unchanged at ₹0.50 per litre.
- Levy reviewed every two weeks in line with global crude and product prices.
- No change in domestic excise duty on fuels.
SCI-TECH Pathfinder: India's first orbital data-centre satellite set for launch
- ~200 kg satellite with data-centre-class GPUs.
- Carries Pixxel's hyperspectral camera; runs Sarvam's Indian-language AI models in orbit.
- Processes imagery on board and sends down insights, not raw data.
- Uses continuous solar power; avoids land, water and energy limits of ground data centres.
- Applications: crop & flood monitoring, resource mapping, infrastructure tracking.
POLITY EC drops SIR declaration from Form-6 in states where revision is over
- Declaration had asked applicants to link themselves/parents/grandparents to an earlier intensive-revision roll.
- Removed from ECINET and CEO websites in SIR-completed states.
- Still applies in 16 states and 3 UTs where SIR is underway.
- Form-6 is prescribed under the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960.
- Followed a 26 Sept meeting of all three ECs led by CEC Gyanesh Kumar.
IR Modi and Trump speak by phone; reaffirm Global Strategic Partnership
- Discussed trade, defence, energy and critical technologies.
- Reaffirmed the India–US Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership.
- Exchanged views on regional issues and global peace and security.
- Agreed to maintain close engagement going forward.
- Comes as a first tranche of an India–US trade agreement is under negotiation.
REPORT THE World University Rankings 2027: IISc best in India at 254
- 143 Indian institutions ranked – India's largest presence yet.
- IISc Bengaluru at 254 – the only Indian entry in the top 300.
- IISc scored 98.0 on Industry but 31.1 on International Outlook.
- Global top: Oxford (1), MIT (2), Princeton & Stanford (joint 3).
- In Asia, Tsinghua is placed 11th.
2 October 2026
Full notes with diagrams →BIHAR Bihar Cabinet clears Green Hydrogen Policy 2026: 1 lakh tonnes a year by 2031
- Target: 1 lakh tonnes (0.1 MMT) of green hydrogen / green ammonia per year by 2031.
- Expected investment of about ₹16,000 crore; around 12,000 direct and indirect jobs.
- Plans 1 GW electrolyser manufacturing and about 2.5 GW of linked renewable capacity.
- Nodal agency: BREDA (Bihar Renewable Energy Development Agency); aligned with the National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023).
BIHAR Cabinet: ₹2,761.55 crore to solarise 2,554 farm feeders; ATF VAT cut to zero
- ₹2,761.55 crore for 2,585 MW of solar capacity across 2,554 agricultural feeders — daytime, cheaper power for irrigation.
- VAT on Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) cut from 1% to zero at Regional Connectivity Scheme (UDAN) airports.
- Grid electrification of 21,644 households in Kaimur & Rohtas: cost revised to ₹351.85 crore (from ₹117.80 crore).
- ₹62.52 crore for 30 water cannons and 86 Vajra vehicles; ₹477 crore advance for Anganwadi honoraria.
- New Mukhya Mantri Hemophilia Yojana for 255 identified patients; 35 posts for the Buddha Samyak Darshan Museum, Vaishali.
ENVIRONMENT Gandak breaks its record flood level; embankments breached in Saran & Muzaffarpur
- Peak discharge at Valmikinagar barrage: 5.435 lakh cusecs (28 Sep); Kosi at Birpur peaked at 3.14 lakh cusecs (26 Sep).
- Breaches: right embankment at Panapur (Saran); ring embankment at Sahebganj and old Gandak embankment in Paru (Muzaffarpur).
- About 2.03 lakh people affected; worst-hit: West Champaran, Saran, Gopalganj, Muzaffarpur.
- Relief: helicopter airdrops of dry rations in Panapur; NDRF deployed for rescue.
BIHAR Purnea makhana sails to Greece: 1 MT export consignment flagged off
- Route: Mundra Port (Gujarat) to Piraeus Port (Greece); sourced through a Purnea-based exporter.
- Bihar grows 80–85% of India's makhana on 35,000+ hectares across 10 districts.
- FY 2025-26: India exported 7,000+ MT of makhana and products worth USD 22 million to 20+ countries.
- Tech support: Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour and ICAR–National Research Centre for Makhana, Darbhanga.
POLITY Gandhi Jayanti: Bihar frees 44 elderly and ailing prisoners; ₹3.86 crore to victims' families
- Age profile: 2 above 90, 8 above 80, 20 aged 70–80; serious illness and length of custody also weighed.
- Oldest: Rambriksh Koeri (93), to be released from Rohtas jail.
- ₹3.86 crore distributed among 1,820 families of crime victims under victim compensation.
- 2 October is also the UN International Day of Non-Violence (declared in 2007).
ECONOMY Rate-hike watch: RBI MPC meets 5–7 October as CPI stays above 4%
- CPI inflation at 4.82% in August 2026 — above the 4% target for the 3rd month running.
- Repo rate held at 5.25% for four consecutive reviews.
- Pressures: rupee down about 6% vs the US dollar in 2026; hikes by the US Fed and Bank of Japan (1.25%); costlier crude.
- Core sector grew 4.8% in August 2026 (four-month low): cement +12.5%, electricity +11.6%, fertilisers −12.4%.
SCI-TECH Aviation security goes digital: BCAS rolls out entry-permit and clearance reforms
- Security clearance made category- and contract-agnostic across 9 entity categories, valid for 5 years.
- Aerodrome Entry Permit fully digital — online registration, digital scrutiny and facial biometric checks on one platform for 169 airports.
- Time-bound, single-stage security vetting of airport infrastructure projects.
- India is the 3rd-largest domestic aviation market; operational airports rose from 74 (2014) to 165 (July 2026).
POLITY CJI Surya Kant: technology must widen access to justice, but AI cannot replace judges
- e-Courts Mission Mode Project (since 2011): e-filing, virtual hearings, live-streaming.
- Supreme Court held 7.5 lakh+ video-conference hearings (March 2020 – June 2024).
- SUVAS AI tool translated 83,000+ judgments into 18 Indian languages; Su-Sahayak is an AI chatbot for case status.
- One Case, One Data integrates records across court levels.
IR Putin at Valdai: Modi has 'very good ideas' to end the Ukraine conflict
- Putin described India as neutral yet deeply committed to peace; Modi regularly raises ending the war.
- India's stated line: it stands firmly on the side of peace — dialogue and diplomacy.
- India–Russia: Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership (since 2010).
- Both are members of BRICS and SCO; India holds the BRICS chair in 2026.
Prelims rapid-fire — 30 facts
| Vishnupad Temple Corridor (Gaya) — Bihar cabinet gave ₹2,520 crore approval on 15 Sept, modelled on Kashi Vishwanath Corridor. |
| Son–Falgu river-linking project sanctioned ₹996.05 crore; Makhana Development Scheme 2026-27: ₹89.79 crore. |
| Poompuhar (Mayiladuthurai, TN) — undersea finds incl. a West Asian 'torpedo jar'; port of the early Cholas (Sangam age). |
| Incendiamoeba cascadensis — amoeba replicating at 63°C, a record for eukaryotes. |
| Mann Ki Baat (138th episode, 27 Sept) — hailed pygmy hog recovery (~190) in Assam & Modhera solar village. |
| COP31 — Antalya, Türkiye (Nov 2026), with Australia leading negotiations. |
| Makhana: Bihar grows 85%+ of India's makhana on 41,000 ha (2025-26); Mithila Makhana has a GI tag; target 82,000 ha by 2030-31. |
| Chess Olympiad: 46th edition at Samarkand, Uzbekistan (15–27 Sept): India won Silver (Open) and Bronze (Women). |
| Ex VARUNA: 24th India–France naval exercise; INS Trishul reached Toulon. Began 1993, named VARUNA in 2001. |
| DDU-GKY: Completed 12 years on 25 Sept (launched 2014); 18.47 lakh trained, 12.43 lakh placed; age 15–35. |
| FASTag Pass: FASTag Annual Pass crossed 1 crore passes since its Aug 2025 launch. |
| World Heart Day: Observed on 29 Sept every year to raise awareness on cardiovascular disease. |
| CJI Surya Kant opened India's first Victim Rights Centre at BSLSA, Patna on 26 Sept — a 12-month pilot. |
| Forest officials at Sasaram (Rohtas) seized ~10 kg of Indian pangolin scales — a Schedule I species (WPA, 1972). |
| Asian Games 2026 (Aichi–Nagoya): India won kabaddi gold in both men's (40–34) and women's (37–34) finals vs Iran. |
| Paradip is the only mega port on India's east coast; Mundra the only private one. |
| World's first sovereign blue bond: Seychelles, 2018. |
| Bihar's two UNESCO sites: Mahabodhi Temple (2002) and Nalanda Mahavihara (2016). |
| Bihar birth/death registration: Free within 21 days; 1–2 years late needs SDM/DM approval (from 1 Oct). |
| Patna property tax: Unpaid dues in PMC areas attract 1.5% monthly interest from 1 Oct. |
| LPG subsidy: Needs Biometric Aadhaar Authentication from 1 Oct 2026. |
| RBI MPC: Meets 5–7 Oct; repo 5.25%; CPI (Aug) 4.82%. |
| Asian Games 2026: Aichi–Nagoya, Japan, 19 Sept–4 Oct; India's first gold – women's cricket. |
| Gandhi Jayanti (2 Oct): Gandhi's first satyagraha in India – Champaran, 1917. |
| Gandhi Jayanti (2 Oct 2026): 157th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi and 120th of Lal Bahadur Shastri (born 1904, Mughalsarai). |
| International Day of Older Persons (1 Oct) 2026 theme: 'The Age of Longevity: Rethinking Systems for Longer Lives'. |
| Shaheed Jubba Sahani University of Architecture & Civil Engineering (Bihar) gets 34 new posts; named after a Quit India martyr from Muzaffarpur. |
| Bihar Cabinet approved 871 operators under the Digital Mitra / Kushal Yuva Programme. |
| National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023): outlay ₹19,744 crore; target 5 MMT/year by 2030. |
| Asian Games 2026: Aichi–Nagoya, Japan, 19 Sept – 4 Oct; India's flag-bearers Manu Bhaker & Pawan Sehrawat. |
Data points of the period
$765.90 bn
India's foreign exchange reserves (week ended 18 Sept 2026)
Down $14.88 bn in one week — the sharpest weekly fall since Nov 2024 — from $780.8 bn; all-time high $785.7 bn (5 Sept). Foreign currency assets $631 bn, gold $111.3 bn, SDRs $18.7 bn, IMF reserve position $4.9 bn. Cause: RBI dollar sales to steady the rupee as crude crossed $105/barrel and US yields rose above 5%.
Down $14.88 bn in one week — the sharpest weekly fall since Nov 2024 — from $780.8 bn; all-time high $785.7 bn (5 Sept). Foreign currency assets $631 bn, gold $111.3 bn, SDRs $18.7 bn, IMF reserve position $4.9 bn. Cause: RBI dollar sales to steady the rupee as crude crossed $105/barrel and US yields rose above 5%.
74%
Bihar Budget 2026-27: share of revenue receipts coming from the Centre
Of revenue receipts, 55% is Bihar's share in central taxes and 18% is central grants; own tax revenue is ₹65,800 cr (only 5% of GSDP). Total spending is ₹3,24,925 cr, GSDP is ₹13.1 lakh cr, and the fiscal deficit target is 3% of GSDP. Education gets the largest share (₹70,141 cr, 21.7%).
Of revenue receipts, 55% is Bihar's share in central taxes and 18% is central grants; own tax revenue is ₹65,800 cr (only 5% of GSDP). Total spending is ₹3,24,925 cr, GSDP is ₹13.1 lakh cr, and the fiscal deficit target is 3% of GSDP. Education gets the largest share (₹70,141 cr, 21.7%).
US$ 7.3 billion
Net FDI inflow into India, July 2026
Highest monthly net FDI in 5 years, up 64% from US$ 4.5 bn in July 2025. Gross inflows: US$ 14.6 bn. April–July 2026 net FDI: US$ 13.4 bn (+38%). Mauritius, UAE and US gave ~70% of equity inflows.
Highest monthly net FDI in 5 years, up 64% from US$ 4.5 bn in July 2025. Gross inflows: US$ 14.6 bn. April–July 2026 net FDI: US$ 13.4 bn (+38%). Mauritius, UAE and US gave ~70% of equity inflows.
₹2,03,521 crore (+14.7% YoY)
Gross GST collection – September 2026
Domestic ₹1,37,996 cr (+10.1%), imports ₹65,525 cr (+25.9%); refunds ₹27,001 cr; net GST ₹1,76,520 cr (+18.1%). Above ₹2 lakh crore for the third straight month; H1 FY27 total ₹12,46,278 cr (+11.6%). GST Council meets on 7 Oct.
Domestic ₹1,37,996 cr (+10.1%), imports ₹65,525 cr (+25.9%); refunds ₹27,001 cr; net GST ₹1,76,520 cr (+18.1%). Above ₹2 lakh crore for the third straight month; H1 FY27 total ₹12,46,278 cr (+11.6%). GST Council meets on 7 Oct.
₹2.04 lakh crore
Gross GST collection — September 2026
Gross ₹2,04,050 crore, up 14.7% from ₹1,77,279 crore (Sept 2025); net after refunds ₹1,77,049 crore (+18.1%). Import GST ₹65,525 crore (+25.9%); domestic ₹1.38 lakh crore (+10.1%). April–September gross: ₹12.46 lakh crore (+11.6%). GST came via the 101st Amendment (2016); GST Council under Art. 279A.
Gross ₹2,04,050 crore, up 14.7% from ₹1,77,279 crore (Sept 2025); net after refunds ₹1,77,049 crore (+18.1%). Import GST ₹65,525 crore (+25.9%); domestic ₹1.38 lakh crore (+10.1%). April–September gross: ₹12.46 lakh crore (+11.6%). GST came via the 101st Amendment (2016); GST Council under Art. 279A.
10 practice MCQs — BPSC Prelims pattern
Q1. Consider the following statements about the proposed Kosi four-lane corridor in Bihar: 1. It will run along both Kosi embankments for about 354 km. 2. Its western section runs from Birpur to Kursela. 3. It will connect with the Gorakhpur–Siliguri Expressway. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D
All three are correct: 354.37 km on both embankments; west Birpur → Kursela (~230 km), east Birpur → Koparia (~124 km); it links 5 NHs and the Gorakhpur–Siliguri Expressway.
All three are correct: 354.37 km on both embankments; west Birpur → Kursela (~230 km), east Birpur → Koparia (~124 km); it links 5 NHs and the Gorakhpur–Siliguri Expressway.
Q2. Under the RTI Act, 2005, the State Chief Information Commissioner is appointed by:
- The Chief Minister
- The Governor on the recommendation of a committee
- The President of India
- The Chief Justice of the High Court
Show answer
Answer: B
Sec. 15(3): the Governor appoints on the recommendation of a committee of the CM, Leader of Opposition and a Cabinet Minister nominated by the CM.
Sec. 15(3): the Governor appoints on the recommendation of a committee of the CM, Leader of Opposition and a Cabinet Minister nominated by the CM.
Q3. Consider the following statements about the Victim Rights Centre inaugurated in September 2026: 1. It is India's first such centre and is located in Patna. 2. It functions under the Bihar State Legal Services Authority. 3. It has been set up as a 24-month pilot project. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: B
The centre at BSLSA, Patna is India's first, but it is a 12-month pilot, so statement 3 is wrong.
The centre at BSLSA, Patna is India's first, but it is a 12-month pilot, so statement 3 is wrong.
Q4. The Gandak river, currently in spate in north Bihar, enters India at which place and meets the Ganga near which town?
- Bhimnagar; Kursela
- Valmikinagar; Hajipur
- Raxaul; Barh
- Birpur; Munger
Show answer
Answer: B
The Gandak enters India at Valmikinagar (site of the Gandak barrage, 1959 India–Nepal agreement) and joins the Ganga near Hajipur. Bhimnagar/Birpur relate to the Kosi.
The Gandak enters India at Valmikinagar (site of the Gandak barrage, 1959 India–Nepal agreement) and joins the Ganga near Hajipur. Bhimnagar/Birpur relate to the Kosi.
Q5. With reference to the Gandak river, consider the following statements: 1. It enters Bihar at Valmikinagar. 2. It joins the Ganga near Hajipur–Sonpur. 3. The Gandak Project was executed under an India–Bhutan agreement. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: B
The Gandak enters Bihar at Valmikinagar and meets the Ganga at Hajipur–Sonpur. The Gandak Project rests on an India–Nepal agreement (1959), not India–Bhutan.
The Gandak enters Bihar at Valmikinagar and meets the Ganga at Hajipur–Sonpur. The Gandak Project rests on an India–Nepal agreement (1959), not India–Bhutan.
Q6. Under the RTI Act, 2005, which of the following statements about the State Chief Information Commissioner is/are correct? 1. Appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of a committee headed by the Chief Minister. 2. The Leader of Opposition in the Assembly is a member of the selection committee. 3. The appointee is eligible for reappointment.
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: A
Section 15(3): the Governor appoints on the recommendation of the CM (chair), LoP and a cabinet minister. The SCIC is not eligible for reappointment.
Section 15(3): the Governor appoints on the recommendation of the CM (chair), LoP and a cabinet minister. The SCIC is not eligible for reappointment.
Q7. With reference to the Bihar Green Hydrogen Policy 2026, consider the following statements: 1. It targets production of 1 lakh tonnes of green hydrogen per year by 2031. 2. Bihar State Power Holding Company is its nodal agency. 3. It envisages 1 GW of electrolyser capacity. Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: B
The nodal agency is BREDA (Bihar Renewable Energy Development Agency), so statement 2 is wrong. The target is 1 lakh tonnes/yr by 2031 with 1 GW electrolysers.
The nodal agency is BREDA (Bihar Renewable Energy Development Agency), so statement 2 is wrong. The target is 1 lakh tonnes/yr by 2031 with 1 GW electrolysers.
Q8. The Gandak river, which recently crossed its highest flood level in Bihar, enters the state at which of the following places and joins the Ganga near which town?
- Raxaul; Patna
- Valmikinagar; Hajipur–Sonepur
- Birpur; Kursela
- Jogbani; Munger
Show answer
Answer: B
The Gandak enters Bihar at Valmikinagar (West Champaran), where the Gandak barrage stands, and meets the Ganga near Hajipur–Sonepur. Birpur is near the Kosi barrage.
The Gandak enters Bihar at Valmikinagar (West Champaran), where the Gandak barrage stands, and meets the Ganga near Hajipur–Sonepur. Birpur is near the Kosi barrage.
Q9. Consider the following statements about the Gandak river: 1. It is known as the Narayani in Nepal. 2. The Valmikinagar barrage on it was built under an Indo-Nepal agreement of 1959. 3. It joins the Ganga near Hajipur. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: d
All three are correct: Narayani is its Nepali name, Valmikinagar barrage came under the Gandak Agreement (1959), and it meets the Ganga at Hajipur–Sonepur.
All three are correct: Narayani is its Nepali name, Valmikinagar barrage came under the Gandak Agreement (1959), and it meets the Ganga at Hajipur–Sonepur.
Q10. Under which Article of the Constitution can the Governor of a state remit the sentence of a person convicted of an offence against a state law?
- Article 72
- Article 161
- Article 163
- Article 213
Show answer
Answer: b
Art. 161 gives the Governor pardoning powers for state-law offences; Art. 72 is the President's power, Art. 163 concerns the Council of Ministers and Art. 213 ordinances.
Art. 161 gives the Governor pardoning powers for state-law offences; Art. 72 is the President's power, Art. 163 concerns the Council of Ministers and Art. 213 ordinances.
Mains practice questions
- "Floods in north Bihar are as much a governance challenge as a geographical one." Discuss with reference to the Kosi and Gandak basins and suggest a long-term strategy. (BPSC Mains GS-II, ~250 words)
- Floods in north Bihar recur almost every year despite a long network of embankments. Examine the causes and suggest a mix of structural and non-structural measures, with reference to the Gandak and Kosi basins. (BPSC Mains GS-II, 38 marks)
- "Floods in North Bihar are as much man-made as natural." Examine this statement in the light of the record Gandak floods of September 2026 and suggest an integrated flood-management strategy for Bihar.
- North Bihar faces floods almost every year despite a large network of embankments. Examine the causes and suggest a sustainable flood-management strategy for the Gandak–Kosi basin. (BPSC Mains GS-II, 38 marks)
- Embankments remain the mainstay of flood control in north Bihar, yet breaches recur almost every monsoon. In the light of the record Gandak flood of 2026, critically examine this approach and suggest an integrated flood-management strategy for the Gandak–Kosi basins.
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